2. Memory super memorist: 20
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

4. Was it easy or hard? It depends on several things….
If you like Disney movies?
When was the last time you have seen the movie?
Are people around you being loud so you cannot concentrate?

5. Take out a piece of paper…..
Name the seven dwarves…..
Now name them…..

6. Recall vs. Recognition Recall Recognition
you must retrieve the information from your memory
fill-in-the blank or essay tests
you must identify the target from possible targets
multiple-choice tests

7. The Memory Process crash course
Three step process….
Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system.
Storage: The retention of encoded material over time.
Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.

8. Three Stage Theory of Memory

9. Sensory Memory replication of Sperling's experiment
A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information.
Iconic (Visual)
Echoic (Auditory)

10. Short Term Memory The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM.
Events are encoded visually (images), acoustically (sounds) or semantically (meanings).
Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 20 seconds.
We recall digits better than letters.

11. Transferring from STM to LTM
Chunking - organizing items into familiar, manageable units
Mnemonic Devices
Rehearsal – repetition, repetition, repetition
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."

12. Long Term Memory unlimited storehouse of information
Explicit Memories (Declarative)
Facts Memorized (Semantic)
Events / Experiences (Episodic)
Implicit Memories (Non-declarative or Procedural)
Skills
Example: how to ride a bike, shoot a basketball

13. Storing Memories - Encoding
Effortful Processing
Automatic Processing
done actively, “with effort”, on purpose
Studying for a test
Completing AP Psych reading assignment
Drilling with AP Psych flashcards
done passively, “without effort”, by “accident”
Remembering what you ate for breakfast this morning
Remembering the score of sporting event
Remembering who you first spoke to today

14. Storing Memories - Encoding
Amnesia - generally, the loss of memory
The Physical Basis of Memory
No one area houses memories
Ongoing Electrical Activity
Synaptic Changes
Long-term Potentiation (LTP) – increase in a synapse’s firing potential after stimulation (engram)
program 17
modern example

15. Encoding Processes Visual Encoding: the encoding of imagesexample
Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound
Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning
the most effective
encoding with multiple process types is even more effective

16. Memory Strategies start @ 7:04
Mnemonic devices are strategies to improve memory by organizing information
Method of Loci: ideas are associated with a place or part of a building example
Peg-Word system: peg words are associated with ideas (e.g. “one is a bun”)
Word Associations: verbal associations are created for items to be learned

17. Chunking Chunking & other methods #
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
Often it will occur automatically.
Chunk- from Goonies
Do these numbers mean anything to you?
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?

18. Chunking Write down as many of the states of the US as you can remember!

19. Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents

20. Encoding Information
Serial Positioning Effects – the tendency for recall to be affected by the order of encoding
Primacy Effect –more likely to recall items at the beginning of a list
Recency Effect – likely to recall items at the end of a list
What else influenced your ability to recall?

21. Serial Positioning Effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
Presidents
Recalled
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this.

22. Encoding – The Spacing Effect
distributed study or practice yields better long term retention
cramming is minimally effective
What, then, would be good strategies for preparing for AP Psych tests?
For the AP Exam in the spring?

23. The Context Matters!!! crash course
Flashbulb Memories
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Mood Congruent Memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current mood
State Dependent Memory
memory that is recalled under the consciousness conditions it was formed

24. Memory Construction Memories are not always what they seem.
Misinformation Effect – incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
Elizabeth Loftus

25. Misinformation Effect
Depiction of Accident
Leading Question: About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?

26. Misinformation Effect
Leading Question: About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

27. Forgetting – Encoding Failure

28. Which is the Right Penny
Which is the Right Penny? AUTOMATIC ENCODING (From Nickerson & Adams, 1979)‏

29. Forgetting – Retrieval Failure
Retroactive Interference: recent information blocks out old information.
Proactive Interference: previous information blocks out new information.
Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number.
Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriend’s name.
Clive Wearing

30. Repression – Freud’s concept of the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

31. Forgetting - Storage Decay
Even after encoding something well, we sometimes forget it.
Herman Ebbinghaus’ experiments with non-sense syllables
Showed the memory fades quickly, but then the speed at which it fades levels out.

32. Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

33. My Trip To Cheesecake Factory
You go to the Cheesecake Factory for dinner. You are seated at a table with a white tablecloth. You study the menu. You tell the female server you want Avocado Egg Rolls, extra sauce, Roadslide Sliders, Thai Lettuce Wraps, and Chino-Latino Steak (medium). You also order a Cherry Coke from the beverage list. A few minutes later the server returns with your Avocado Egg Rolls. Later the rest of the meal arrives. You enjoy it all, except the Chino-Latino Steak is a bit overdone.

34. Cheesecake factory How did you order the steak?
Was the red tablecloth checkered?
What did you order to drink?
Did a male server give you a menu?
You will now see a series of 8 slides timed 2
seconds apart.

35. Rest

36. Snore

37. Sound

38. Tired

39. Bed

40. Slumber

41. Night
Last ;Recall as many as you can.

42. Cheesecake factory How did you order the steak?
Was the red tablecloth checkered?
What did you order to drink?
Did a male server give you a menu?
What type of interference did you experience?

43. Types of Amnesia Clive Wearing
Causes: Brain Damage, Shock, Repression, Stress and Illness
Amnesia is forgetting produced by brain injury or trauma
Retrograde amnesia refers to problems with recall of information prior to a trauma
Anterograde amnesia refers to problems with recall of information after a trauma
50 1st dates trailer
Infantile Amnesia: Before 3 years old
Source amnesia-where did I hear or read that??

44. Significant People - Memory
George Miller
Research on Short-term Memory Capacity
“The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two” (1956, Harvard)
established 7, + or – 2 as the limit of storable information
also first developed the concept of “chunking” to aid in memory retention