1. Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

2. Recall vs. Recognition Recall You must retrieve the information from your memory. Fill-in-the blank or essay tests. Recognition You must identify the target from possible targets. Multiple-choice tests.

3. Retrospective vs. Prospective Memory Retrospective memory - involves things from the past (i.e. events, people). Prospective memory - involves things you have to do in the future (i.e. remembering to email your college application).

4. The Memory Process Three step process… 1.Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system. 2.Storage: The retention of encoded material over time. 3.Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.

5. Three Box Model of Memory

6. Encoding Getting the information into our heads!!!!

7. Sensory Memory A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information. Iconic Memory: a brief visual memory. Echoic Memory: a brief auditory memory.

8. Two ways to encode information: Automatic Processing Effortful Processing

9. Automatic Processing Unconscious encoding of incidental information. You encode space, time and word meaning without effort. Things can become automatic with practice.

10. Effortful Processing Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic.

11. Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve Hermann Ebbinghaus. The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning!

12. Spacing Effect We encode better when we study or practice over time. DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

13. Take out a piece of paper….. Number from 1-44 on your paper. Name all of the U.S. Presidents.

14. The Presidents WashingtonTaylorHarrisonEisenhower J.AdamsFillmoreClevelandKennedy JeffersonPierceMcKinleyL.Johnson MadisonBuchananT.RooseveltNixon MonroeLincolnTaftFord JQ AdamsA.JohnsonWilsonCarter JacksonGrantHardingReagan Van BurenHayesCoolidgeBush HarrisonGarfieldHooverClinton TylerArthurF.D.RooseveltBush Jr. PolkClevelandTrumanObama

15. Serial Position Effect Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list. If we graph what an average person remembers from the presidential list- it would probably look something like this. Presidents Recalled

16. Encoding Information Primacy Effect (1 st things on a list) Recency Effect (last things on a list)

17. Types of Encoding Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words. Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images. Encoding exercise

18. Ways to remember things in STM…so they go to LTM Chunking: Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Mnemonic devices: (memory aids) (like the “method of loci”). Link Method http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NROe gsMqNc Rehearsal: repetition, repetition, etc. 1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 “Foolish Moms Smoke POT."

19. Short-Term Memory The stuff we encode from the sensory memory goes to STM. Holds about 7 (+ or - 2) items for about 20 seconds. We recall random digits better than random letters. Info unrehearsed will decay in about 12 seconds.

20. Storage How we retain the information we encode.

21. Long-Term Memory We have yet to find the limit of our long-term memory. For example, Rajan Mahadevan was able to recite 31,811 digits of pi. At 5 years old, Rajan would memorize the license plates of all of his parents’ guests (about 75 cars in ten minutes). He still remembers the plate numbers to this day.

22. Long-Term Memory Unlimited storehouse of information. It can last days, months, or years.

23. Types of Long-Term Memory

24. Explicit Memories Episodic Memories (events). Semantic Memories (facts).

25. Implicit Memories Procedural Memories (skills). Conditioned Memories.

26. Types of Long Term Memory

27. Storing Memories Long Term-Potentiation: Is the long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons. In other words…they learn to fire together and get better at it…creating a memory. When learning occurs, more serotonin is released into the synapses.

28. The Hippocampus Is involved in storing explicit memories. Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory. Often leads to some form or amnesia. The Cerebellum is involved in storing implicit memories.

29. Anterograde Amnesia A loss of the ability to create new memories; while long- term memories remain intact. Usually caused by damage to the hippocampus. Can be caused by alcohol intoxication (i.e. “blackouts”).

30. Retrograde Amnesia Form of amnesia where someone is unable to recall events that occurred before the development of the amnesia. Commonly results from damage to the temporal lobes or hippocampus.

31. Retrieval How do we recall the information we thought we remembered? Lets Jog Our Memory!!!!!!!

32. Retrieval Cues Things that help us remember. We often use a process called priming (the activation of associations in our memory).

33. Repetition Priming 1. Repetition priming refers to the fact that it is easier to recognize a face or word if you have recently seen that same face or word.

34. Semantic Priming 2. Semantic priming refers to the fact that it is easier to recognize a person or a word if you have just seen something closely associated with them/it.

35. Priming

36. The Context Matters!!! Flashbulb Memories. Mood Congruent Memory. State Dependent Memory.

37. Déjà Vu That eerie sense that you have experienced something before. What is occurring is that the current situation cues past experiences that are very similar to the present one & your mind gets confused.

38. Forgetting

39. Encoding Failure: Not getting info into LT Memory

40. Forgetting Which is the real penny?

41. Storage Decay Even if we encode something well, we can forget it. Without rehearsal, we forget things over time. Remember Hermann Ebbinghaus?

42. Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

43. Retrieval Failure The memory was encoded and stored, but sometimes you just cannot access the memory (like the Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon).

44. Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon AlaskaN. Hampshire New MexicoIdaho South DakotaIllinois MissouriPennsylvania KansasOregon DelawareMontana N. CarolinaConnecticut VermontMichigan WashingtonMaine WyomingNew York MississippiOhio Can you name the capital cities of the following?

45. Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon AlaskaJN. HampshireC New MexicoSIdahoB South DakotaPIllinoisS MissouriJPennsylvaniaH KansasTOregonS DelawareDMontanaH N. CarolinaRConnecticutH VermontMMichiganL WashingtonOMaineA WyomingCNew YorkA MississippiJOhioC With the first letter of the capital city. Can you do it now?

46. Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon AlaskaJuneauN. HampshireConcord New MexicoSanta FeIdahoBoise South DakotaPierreIllinoisSpringfield Missouri Jefferson City PennsylvaniaHarrisburg KansasTopekaOregonSalem DelawareDoverMontanaHelena N. CarolinaRaleighConnecticutHartford VermontMontpelierMichiganLansing WashingtonOlympiaMaineAugusta WyomingCheyenneNew YorkAlbany MississippiJacksonOhioColumbus With the first letter of the capital city. Can you do it now?

47. Forgetting: Interference Theory Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information. Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information. Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends name. Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number.

48. Mnemonic for the Interference Theory PORN P roactive. O ld info blocking out new info. R etroactive. N ew info blocking out old info.

49. Motivated Forgetting We sometimes revise our own histories. Honey, I did stick to my diet today!!!!!!

50. Motivated Forgetting One explanation is REPRESSION: In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness. Why does is exist?

51. Memory Construction We sometimes alter our memories as we encode or retrieve them. Your expectations, schemas, and environment may alter your memories.

52. Misinformation Effect Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event. It would be like if my parents told me for years that I met Jerry West. I have the memory - but it never happened!!!

53. Misinformation Effect Depiction of Accident

54. Misinformation Effect Leading Question: About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

55. Source Amnesia (source misattribution) The inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge. This is often at the heart of “false memories.”