End of 1 st Triumvirate Crassus (East), Pompey (Rome), Caesar (Gaul) Crassus (East), Pompey (Rome), Caesar (Gaul) Caesar vs. Pompey (Caesar Wins) Caesar.

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End of 1 st Triumvirate Crassus (East), Pompey (Rome), Caesar (Gaul) Crassus (East), Pompey (Rome), Caesar (Gaul) Caesar vs. Pompey (Caesar Wins) Caesar vs. Pompey (Caesar Wins) Caesar and Cleopatra Caesar and Cleopatra Caesar vs. Senate (Senate Wins) Caesar vs. Senate (Senate Wins) Power vacuum Power vacuum Antony (Gaul), Lepidus (East), Octavian (Rome) Antony (Gaul), Lepidus (East), Octavian (Rome)

End of 2 nd Triumvirate Lepidus retires Lepidus retires Antony and Cleopatra Antony and Cleopatra Antony vs. Octavian (Octavian wins) Antony vs. Octavian (Octavian wins)

Roman Emperors Julio-Claudians

Augustus (27 B.C. – 14 A.D.) Augustus=Octavian Augustus=Octavian Defeats Antony at Actium in 31 B.C. Defeats Antony at Actium in 31 B.C. Becomes imperator Becomes imperator Emperor Emperor Rome becomes empire Rome becomes empire

What He Does 1)Laws to protect Roman family 1)Laws to protect Roman family 2)Restores and expands Roman religion 2)Restores and expands Roman religion 3)Restores noble families and subsidizes them 3)Restores noble families and subsidizes them 4)Reorganizes gov’t with Republican offices 4)Reorganizes gov’t with Republican offices 5)Restores Senate as advisory body 5)Restores Senate as advisory body 6)Builds roads, buildings, and temples 6)Builds roads, buildings, and temples Result: Gives Rome the appearance of Republic but all is controlled by Augustus Result: Gives Rome the appearance of Republic but all is controlled by Augustus

Succession Successor would be selected by Emperor from natural or adopted family Successor would be selected by Emperor from natural or adopted family Family Tree Family Tree All his hand-picked successors die, leaves him with only 1 choice All his hand-picked successors die, leaves him with only 1 choice

Tiberius (14 A.D. – 37 A.D.) Not nearly as popular as Augustus Not nearly as popular as Augustus Doesn’t do much except… Doesn’t do much except… Rise of Praetorian Guard (body guards) Rise of Praetorian Guard (body guards) Sejanus (1 st Praetorian Prefect, kills all of Tiberius’ successors) Sejanus (1 st Praetorian Prefect, kills all of Tiberius’ successors) Tires of politics and retires to Capri (island of love) Tires of politics and retires to Capri (island of love) Only choice to succeed… Only choice to succeed…

Caligula (37 A.D. – 41 A.D.) Good emperor initially but gets sick Good emperor initially but gets sick After fever After fever 1) Thought he was reincarnation of Zeus 1) Thought he was reincarnation of Zeus Marries sister Livilla Marries sister Livilla Kills Livilla and unborn baby Kills Livilla and unborn baby 2)Elected consul along with his horse 2)Elected consul along with his horse 3)Killed successor for coughing at night 3)Killed successor for coughing at night Killed by Praetorian Guard Killed by Praetorian Guard

Claudius (41 A.D. -54 A.D.) Put in power by Praetorian Guard (thought he would be easy to control) Put in power by Praetorian Guard (thought he would be easy to control) Good emperor Good emperor 1) Restores finances of Empire 1) Restores finances of Empire 2) Organizes bureaucracy 2) Organizes bureaucracy 3) Grants citizenship as reward for those friendly to Rome 3) Grants citizenship as reward for those friendly to Rome 4) Expels Jews from Rome for brief time 4) Expels Jews from Rome for brief time Succeeded by stepson… Succeeded by stepson…

Nero (54 A.D. – 68 A.D.) L. Domitius Ahenobarbus = Nero L. Domitius Ahenobarbus = Nero Good emperor initially (listens to advisor Seneca) Good emperor initially (listens to advisor Seneca) Starts listening to bad advisors (Tigellinus) Starts listening to bad advisors (Tigellinus) 1) Murders his mother 1) Murders his mother 2) Kills all enemies or suspected enemies or those who might possibly be suspected enemies 2) Kills all enemies or suspected enemies or those who might possibly be suspected enemies

More Bad Nero 3) Likes to dress in disguise, run around Rome at night and rape women (Senator’s wives and daughters) 3) Likes to dress in disguise, run around Rome at night and rape women (Senator’s wives and daughters) 4) Bad poet and lyricist (forced people to listen) 4) Bad poet and lyricist (forced people to listen) 5) Blames fire in 64 A.D. on Christians 5) Blames fire in 64 A.D. on Christians Praetorian Guard kills him in 68 A.D. Praetorian Guard kills him in 68 A.D. Too chicken to do it himself Too chicken to do it himself No successor (Killed all of them) No successor (Killed all of them)