Genetic Engineering and The Human Genome

Selective Breeding Humans use selective breeding to pass desired traits on to the next generation. Humans use selective breeding to pass desired traits on to the next generation. Inbreeding keeps desired traits within a line of organisms by breeding related organisms. Inbreeding keeps desired traits within a line of organisms by breeding related organisms. Traits are controlled by more than 1 set of genes Ex/ hair color (POLYGENIC TRAITS) Traits are controlled by more than 1 set of genes Ex/ hair color (POLYGENIC TRAITS)

Increasing Variation To increase variation, breeders often introduce mutations (the ultimate source for genetic variation) into the population. To increase variation, breeders often introduce mutations (the ultimate source for genetic variation) into the population.

Manipulating DNA Using their knowledge of DNA and various techniques, scientists can extract, cut, identify and copy DNA. Using their knowledge of DNA and various techniques, scientists can extract, cut, identify and copy DNA. DNA Extraction – simple chemical procedure separate DNA. DNA Extraction – simple chemical procedure separate DNA. DNA Cutting – restriction enzymes cut particular DNA sequences. DNA Cutting – restriction enzymes cut particular DNA sequences. Separating DNA – gel electrophoresis. Separating DNA – gel electrophoresis. Copy – using polymerace chain reaction “PCR” Copy – using polymerace chain reaction “PCR”

Applications of Biotechnology DNA Finger Printing DNA Finger Printing –Uses: identity, paternity, crime scenes –You need: Saliva, blood, body fluids, skin or hair Gel Electrophoresis: Used to separate DNA into fragments based on size Gel Electrophoresis: Used to separate DNA into fragments based on size –How you can tell who did the crime based on gel results

Gel Electophoresis and PCR Separates DNA based on size Magnifying DNA

Transgenic Organisms Transgenic organisms contain genes from other organisms. Transgenic organisms contain genes from other organisms. Ethical Issues?? Ethical Issues??EXAMPLES: Making onions glow using jellyfish DNA. Making onions glow using jellyfish DNA. Using bacteria to make human insulin. Using bacteria to make human insulin.

Cloning A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. Dolly, Cows, Cats and more. Dolly, Cows, Cats and more. Bring back endangered or even extinct species. Bring back endangered or even extinct species.

Human Chromosomes 23 pairs of Chromosomes for a total of pairs of Chromosomes for a total of 46. –1-22: autosomal –23: sex chromosomes Karyotypes, pictures of chromosomes, can be used to study our chromosomes. Karyotypes, pictures of chromosomes, can be used to study our chromosomes.

Karyotype

Chromosome Disorders Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis. Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis. The result is an abnormal number of chromosomes. The result is an abnormal number of chromosomes. Down Syndrome – Extra chromosome at position 21. Down Syndrome – Extra chromosome at position 21. Turner’s Syndrome – a female with only one X chromosome Turner’s Syndrome – a female with only one X chromosome Klinefelters’ syndrome – In Males too many X chromosomes. Ie. XXXXXY or XXY. Klinefelters’ syndrome – In Males too many X chromosomes. Ie. XXXXXY or XXY.

Gene Therapy In gene therapy, an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal, working gene. In gene therapy, an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal, working gene.

Human Genome Project An ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA sequence An ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA sequence **Important because it could be used to cure genetic disorders -What if a normal gene produces an absent gene….useful so body can make correct protein

DNA Testing ZT5z5R8 ZT5z5R8