1. Chapters 13 and 14 Genetic Engineering, The Human Genome

2. 13.1 Changing the Living World Selective breeding: controlling the passing of desired traits to the next generationSelective breeding: controlling the passing of desired traits to the next generationSelective breedingSelective breeding –Hybridization – crossing of 2 dissimilar organisms to result in the best traits in the offspring –Inbreeding – continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics Increasing variation: induction of mutationsIncreasing variation: induction of mutations –To produce new desired characteristics –Polyploidy in plants

3. 13.2 Manipulating DNA Why?Why? –Study DNA sequences and compare –Change DNA through genetic engineering How?How? –DNA extraction by fractionation –Cutting DNA by using restriction enzymes –Separating DNA by gel electrophoresis –PCR, polymerase chain reaction, to amplify DNA fragments

4. 13.4 Applying Genetic Engineering Cell transformation: a cell that takes DNA from outside the cell and incorporates the segment as part of its own DNA. The resultant organism is now transgenic.Cell transformation: a cell that takes DNA from outside the cell and incorporates the segment as part of its own DNA. The resultant organism is now transgenic. –Ex: the production of human insulin from bacteria Cloning:Cloning: –one cell producing an organism with identical cells –More difficult in multicellular animals –In 1997, a sheep was cloned (Dolly).

5. Human Chromosomes Karyotype: picture of condensed chromosomes that have been grouped in pairsKaryotype: picture of condensed chromosomes that have been grouped in pairs Human body cells have 46 and their gametes 23Human body cells have 46 and their gametes 23 –44 are autosomes –23 rd pair are sex chromosomes: Female=X XFemale=X X Male=X YMale=X Y

6. Human Traits and Genes Pedigree charts show relationships within familiesPedigree charts show relationships within families Multiple alleles: Blood type: I A, I B, i O and ± Rh factorMultiple alleles: Blood type: I A, I B, i O and ± Rh factor Recessive alleles: Disorders of PKU and Tay-SachsRecessive alleles: Disorders of PKU and Tay-Sachs Dominant alleles: Disorders such as Huntington’s DiseaseDominant alleles: Disorders such as Huntington’s Disease Sex-linked genes: color-blindness and hemophiliaSex-linked genes: color-blindness and hemophilia Polygenic traits: skin color, eye colorPolygenic traits: skin color, eye coloreye coloreye color Genetic disorders: cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemiaGenetic disorders: cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia

7. Chromosomal disorders NondisjunctionNondisjunction –Down’s Syndrome (extra 21 st chromosome) –Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes: Turner’s (XO) and Klinefelter’s Syndromes (XXY)Turner’s (XO) and Klinefelter’s Syndromes (XXY)

8. Human Molecular Genetics DNA Analysis forDNA Analysis for DNA “fingerprinting” Human Genome ProjectHuman Genome Project Gene TherapyGene Therapy Genetic Engineering:Genetic Engineering: –Selective breeding, hybridization, inbreeding, restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, recombinant DNA, PCR, transformation, cloning PCR