1. DNA Technology Human Genome Project
- established to determine DNA sequence of
humans.
- useful in locating genes and curing disorders.
Example
Gene Therapy- replacing faulty gene with the
correct gene.
- accomplished by using viruses to deliver
genes into cells.
- currently experimental

2. Gene Therapy Bone Marrow Cell Nucleus Normal Gene Chromosomes
Engineered Virus

3. Recombinant Technology
rDNA is DNA with 2 or more sources
Bacteria are used to copy DNA and make desired proteins
Identify gene of interest and cut it out
insert new gene into a plasmid
insert plasmid into bacteria
Vector – plasmid carrying new gene into host
bacteria can express new gene or make copies of inserted DNA

4. insert “gene we want” into plasmid... “glue” together
Recombinant Plasmid
Plasmids used to insert new genes into bacteria
cut DNA
gene we want
like what?
…insulin
…HGH
…lactase
cut plasmid DNA
Cut DNA?
DNA scissors?
ligase
insert “gene we want” into plasmid... “glue” together
recombinant plasmid

5. Grow bacteria…make more
transformed bacteria
gene from other organism +
recombinant plasmid
vector
plasmid
grow bacteria
harvest (purify) protein

6. Transgenics – organisms with foreign DNA
Genetically modified organisms (GMO)
enabling plants to produce new proteins
Protect crops from insects: BT corn
corn produces a bacterial toxin that kills corn borer (caterpillar pest of corn)
Extend growing season: fishberries
strawberries with an anti-freezing gene from flounder
Improve quality of food: golden rice
rice producing vitamin A improves nutritional value
For example, a transgenic rice plant has been developed that produces yellow grains containing beta-carotene.
Humans use beta-carotene to make vitamin A.
Currently, 70% of children under the age of 5 in Southeast Asia are deficient in vitamin A, leading to vision impairment and increased disease rates.

7. Genetic Engineering Done 2 ways: 1. Selective Breeding
- allows desired traits to breed together.
Example
A. Hybridization
- crossing organisms with different traits
- helps bring out the best traits
B. Inbreeding (true-breeding)
- crossing organism with similar traits
- maintains the desired trait

8. Dog Breeds(selective breeding)

9. Polymerase Chain Reaction Also called PCR
2. DNA Manipulation
- the copying, cutting, identifying, and transplanting of DNA
Copying DNA
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Also called PCR
A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA 9 9

10. Steps in Copying DNA A DNA molecule is placed in a small test tube
DNA polymerase that works at high temp’s is added 10 10

11. Steps in Copying DNA The DNA is heated to separate the two strands
Primers, short pieces of complementary DNA, are added 11 11

12. Copying DNA
The tube is cooled, and DNA polymerase adds new bases to the separated strands 12 12

13. Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample
PCR
Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample 13 13

14. Gel Electrophoresis
- process of separating DNA fragments for
identification
STEPS
1. DNA Extraction
- DNA pulled out by cell fractionation in a
centrifuge.
2. DNA cut into fragments
- Restrictive Enzymes cut DNA at specific
locations.
* DNA is too large to analyze all together

15. Use of Restriction Enzymes
Restriction enzyme cuts the DNA into fragments.

16. 3. DNA Analysis
a. Fragments placed in a porous gel.
b. Electric current is applied to gel.
- opposite sides become (+) & (-)
c. (-) charged DNA moves towards (+) end of gel.
d. Short fragments move farther than long
fragments leaving bands.
e. Position of bands is specific to each person.

17. Gel Electrophoresis

18. DNA Fingerprints

19. Uses of Genetic Technology
1. DNA Fingerprinting
- DNA samples from blood, hair, etc. are
identified by gel electrophoresis.
- used to solve crimes by comparing DNA from
a crime scene with suspect’s DNA.

20. 2. Transgenic Organisms
- implanting genes from one species into
another species.
Example
a. Microorganisms
- bacteria can produce human insulin using
human genes.
b. Animals
- mice are given human genes and studied.
- farm animals are given genes to produce
extra growth hormones.

21. c. Plants - genes for natural insecticides can be placed
into crop plants.
- genes that make vitamins can be added to plants.
- Genetically Modified Organism
- organism w/ altered genes
to produce a desired affect.
Tobacco plant with a lightning bug gene.

22. -creating a genetically identical organism from a single body cell.
3. Cloning
-creating a genetically identical organism from a single body cell.
(+) useful in producing transgenic organisms and saving endangered species
(-) many cloned animals suffer from defects
Body Cell
Egg Cell
Surrogate Mom
Clone