1. GENETIC ENGINEERING

2.  Scientist use their knowledge of the chemical composition and structure of DNA to study and change DNA  This process is known as genetic engineering. MODIFYING DNA

3.  Solving crimes or determining paternity  Modifying food  Cloning  Making new organisms  Medicine production  Much, much more! WHAT CAN WE USE DNA FOR?

4.  1. DNA extraction  Cells are opened and the DNA is separated out  2. Cutting DNA  Use restriction enzymes, from bacteria, that cut open DNA in specific areas and allow for modifications  3. Analyzing DNA  Separation of fragments due to how they are cut with restriction enzymes  4. Recombinant DNA  DNA produced by combining DNA from two or more sources. WHAT ARE WE ABLE TO DO?

5.  Make a lot of DNA through PCR  Restriction enzymes cut DNA in different places to make specific size pieces  They can be separated using electricity GEL ELECTROPHORESIS  This produces bars that can be compared.  Used in forensics, paternity suits, and genetic testing.

6.  Organisms that contain genes from other species TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS These mice contain genes from jellyfish that cause them to glow in the dark. These plants contain genes from a bacteria that cause them to produce insecticides.

7.  Two organisms that have identical DNA.  Can be natural or man-made  The “first” cloned organism was made in 1885 when a two- celled embryo of a sea urchin was shaken until the two cells separated.  Using modern techniques, a frog was cloned in 1952.  Dolly the sheep was the first mammal in 1997 CLONING

8. CLONING EXAMPLES Copy Cat 2001