1. Chapters 13 & 14 GENETIC ENGINEERING & THE HUMAN GENOME

2. Changing the Living World What is the purpose of selective breeding? Give at least two examples of selective breeding used by humans. _____________ is the crossing of dissimilar individuals(indvs) to bring together the best of both organisms. What are the advantages to inbreeding? What are the disadvantages to inbreeding? Inbreeding is of course illegal in human populations but we use this technique with other life forms all the time. What are some examples you can think of? (Examples of inbreeding used today include…) Why do “breeders” induce mutations? Two methods of increasing mutation include using ___________ & ___________. Polyploidy occurs in plants (and other organisms) and is when an organism has more than the normal number of chromosomes.

3. Manipulating DNA Knowledge of the _________ of DNA and its __________ properties is necessary to study and change DNA. Varying techniques are used to: __________ DNA from cells (which we have recently done in the laboratory!); to ________ DNA into smaller pieces; to _______________ the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule; and to make _________________ of DNA. What is genetic engineering? How do biologists get DNA out of a cell? What do biologists use to cut DNA into smaller fragments? Why do biologists cut DNA molecules into smaller fragments? How do biologists separate DNA? Why do biologists separate DNA? The _________ the DNA fragment, the ________ it moves – and vice versa. The results of this procedure can be used to compare the genetic compositions (or genomes) of different organisms or different individuals that are the same “genus-species”.

4. Manipulating DNA ______________ is produced by combining DNA from different sources. What is PCR? What does “P” “C” “R” stand for? Why is heat used in a PCR technique? What enzyme is used to make copies of the desired DNA sequence?

5. Cell Transformation What happens during cell transformation? A cell takes in ______ from outside the cell. The external DNA that was taken in becomes a component of the receiving cell’s DNA. How do we use transformation to improve quality of life for humans? What is a genetic marker? When transformation is successful, the _______________ is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell. Fig. 13-11 page 329 shows an example of a successful transformation.

6. Applications of Genetic Engineering A transgenic organism contains genes from ___________________. What biological technology has changed the way we (humans) may interact with the living world? Why are transgenic bacteria useful for health and industry? What three biochemical products are important for treating serious human diseases and could only be obtained through genetic engineering? How are transgenic animals used to the benefit of human populations? How are transgenic plants used to the benefit of human populations? What is a clone? _____________ which are unicellular clones - are easy to grow in the lab. But ______________organisms are not as easy. In 1997, the first mammalian clone was successfully produced in the lab by the scientist Ian Wilmut. What animal did he clone? What was her name?

7. Applications of Genetic Engineering

8. Human Heredity What is the genus-species taxonomy for humans? A karyotype is a __________ of chromosomes arranged such that homologous pairs are grouped together. How many autosomal chromosomes does a human have? How many sex chromosomes does a human have? Do all organisms have the same number of autosomal and sex chromosomes? If a human has 46 individual chromosomes, how many sets does a human have? How is the sex of an individual human determined? What is the probability that a fertilized egg cell (a zygote) will be male? Will be female? What are pedigree charts? Does the environment play a role in determining genetic expression?

9. Human Heredity Are all genetic disorders caused by recessive alleles? What type of allele causes Huntington disease? In what two genetic disorders is the structure of proteins affected – and as a result, these disorders are expressed? What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis? What causes this disorder? What are the symptoms of sickle cell disease? Why is this disorder called “sickle cell disease”? Just one DNA base is changed in sickle cell disease and the protein ______________ is translated by ribosomes as having a sickle shape.

10. Human Chromosomes A human diploid cell contains more than ____________ base pairs of DNA! Why are sex-linked disorders more common in males than in females? What is nondisjunction, and what problems does it cause? Is there a special pattern of inheritance for genes located on the X chromosome or the Y chromosome? These chromosomes determine ________ and they are said to be ____________ genes. Why are sex-linked disorders more often associated with X-linked anomalies? Males have just one ______________ and females have _____. The most common error in meiosis (gamete production) occurs when ___________________ fail to separate. This is called ____________. When nondisjunction occurs, _______________________________.

11. Human Chromosomes Down syndrome is the result of an individual being born with _____ copies of a chromosome. This is called TRISOMY. What are the odds in the U.S. of a baby being born with this disorder? Note the picture on page 353 figure 14-16. Examine the karyotype. Which of the chromosomes has THREE copies? This individual expresses down syndrome as a phenotype.

12. Human Molecular Genetics Because of the work of Watson, Crick and Franklin, biologists can now ________, __________, and _______ the molecular code of genes. DNA fingerprinting analyzes sections of DNA that have ____________ known function but vary widely from one individual to another. What are three sources that DNA samples can be obtained as mentioned by your text on page 357? Eukaryotic organisms have a much more extensive genome than do prokaryotic organisms. Prokaryotic organisms were the first to be analyzed. What is the Human Genome Project? What is gene therapy? (359) In gene therapy, an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a _________________. Currently, is gene therapy a promising or lasting attempt to cure genetic disorders?

13. Human Molecular Genetics Gene therapy is the process of changing genes that cause a genetic disorder. Note on page 360 figure 14-21 the process of gene therapy as it is applied to bone marrow transplants.