1. the manipulation of living organisms for human use Chapter 13
Genetic Engineering
the manipulation of living organisms for human use
Chapter 13

2. Breeding strategies
Selective breeding: only certain individuals with certain traits to reproduce
Inbreeding: crosses individuals with similar traits
Hybridization crosses individuals with different traits; tend to by hardier and healthier

3. Manipulating DNA
Genetic engineering: making change in the DNA code of an organism
Restriction enzymes: cut the DNA at specific sites by recognizing certain DNA sequences
produces more manageable pieces of DNA to separate and analyze
Gel electrophoresis: separates DNA fragments through a gel using electricity

4. Gel Electrophoresis

5. Using DNA
Recombinant DNA: the manipulation of specific genes in the cells of living organisms causing them to produce new or unusual substances
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): uses DNA polymerase to create thousands of copies of a gene

6. DNA fingerprinting
method of DNA analysis which identifies individuals by examining DNA fragments
uses portions of DNA which do not code for proteins
these sequences are unique to each individual, just like fingerprints
Steps
sample of DNA is cut using restriction enzymes
fragments are separated using electrophoresis to create a pattern of bands

7. DNA Transformation An organism takes up DNA from another organism
Steps
Map the chromosomes of an organism
Locate the specific gene of interest on the chromosome
Cut the DNA with restriction enzymes
Isolate and produce many copies of that gene (PCR)
Insert gene into a plasmid then into the new organism’s DNA and regulate the expression

8. DNA Transformation

9. Application of Gen. Eng. Transgenic Organisms
Contain DNA from another species
Example: insulin-producing bacteria, glow in the dark fish
52% of soybeans, 25% of corn are genetically modified

10. Application of Gen. Eng. Cloning
Clone: member of a population of genetically identical cells that are produced from a single cell
In 1997, Ian Wilmut presented “Dolly”, the first cloned sheep

11. Steps of Cloning

12. Human Genome Project
An ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA sequence
Started in 1990, completed in 2000
Different scientists studied random fragments of DNA then combined their data
Humans have approximately 35,000 genes