Chapter 12 Section 2 The Partition of Africa

Lesson Objectives Explain why European contact with Africa increased during the 1800s. Understand how Leopold II started a scramble for colonies. Describe how Africans resisted imperialism. Look at the map: Africa in early 1800’s had many regions, hundreds of languages, varied governments

North Africa Sahara Desert, fertile land along Mediterranean Ruled by Ottoman Empire

West Africa Grassland regions – Jihad – Islamic reform movement, a holy struggle to revive & purify Islam – New Islamic states – trade, farming, herding Forests regions – Asante kingdom – Traded with Europeans & Muslims

East Africa Strongly Islamic Port cities – Mombasa, Kilwa – Cargoes were slaves – Ivory & copper were exchanged for cloth & firearms from India

Southern Africa Early 1800’s in turmoil Shaka united Zulus 1830’s Zulus battled Boers

Slave Trade Early 1800’s European nations began to outlaw slave trade Continued in East Africa to Middle East & Asia Freed slaves – 1787 British organized Sierra Leone as colony for freed slaves – U.S. did the same for Liberia, became independent republic

European Contact with Africa Increased Difficult geography & diseases kept European from reaching interior; medical advances & river steamships changed things Explorers – early 1800’s tried to map the source & course of African rivers – Niger – Nile – Congo

Missionaries Goal was to win native Africans to Christianity – Built schools & medical clinics with churches – Paternalistic view of Africans – saw them as children in need of guidance

Dr. David Livingstone Best-known explorer/missionary – Criss-crossed Africa for 30 years – Opposed slave trade – Opened up interior of Africa to Christianity & trade – 1869 journalist, Henry Stanley, went to Central Africa to find Livingstone (hadn’t heard from for years) Found Livingstone in 1871 in Tanzania “Dr. Livingstone, I presume.”

King Leopold II of Belgium He started scramble for colonies Hired Stanley to explore the Congo River Basin – Arrange treaties with African basins Result - other European nations followed Belgium

Berlin Conference European nations met to avoid bloodshed/war over African lands – Recognized Leopold’s private claims in Congo Free State – Free trade on Congo & Niger Rivers – No European nations claim any African land w/out setting up a government office first – By 1850 European nations redrew the map of Africa

Belgians in Congo Exploited riches – copper, rubber, ivory – Brutalized villagers Leopold II forced to give up colony to Belgian government, became Belgian Congo in 1908

French in Africa French empire in Africa as large as U.S. – 1830’s invaded & conquered North Africa (violent takeovers) – Tunesia – Colonies in West & Central Africa

British in Africa Smaller, heavily populated regions, rich in resources Parts of East & West Africa, Egypt, Sudan Southern Africa & Cape Colony from French – Clashed w/ Boers (descendants of Dutch settlers) – Many Boers fled British rule & migrated north – Gold & diamonds discovered Led to Boer War; British won British won but at great cost 1910 Brits united Cape Colony & former Boer lands into Union of South Africa – Govternmen run by whites – Complete racial segregation

Other European nations Portuguese – Angola – Mozambique Italy – Libya – Southern end of Red Sea Germany – Eastern Africa – Southern Africa

How Africans Resisted Imperialism Algerians battled French for years British battled: – Zulu in southern Africa – Asante in West Africa; Queen Yaa Asnatewaa – Queen Nehanda of Shona in Zimbabwe – captured & executed

Germans Fought Yao Herero Fierce battle – 1905, Maji-Maji Rebellion – Germans won by using scorched earth policy – burned farmlands & starved people

Ethiopia Ancient Christian kingdom, highlands of East Africa & number of kingdoms 1800 ruler Menelik II modernized his country – European experts to plan roads, bridges, set up schools – Imported weapons & had Europeans train army – Able to defeat Italian at battle of Adowa

Western-educated African elite (upper class) Some rejected own culture Others were nationalists & moved for independence