A Nation Divided

The Civil War ( )

The Leaders of the Confederacy Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens

The Confederate “White House” Richmond, Virginia The Confederate “White House” Richmond, Virginia

The Confederate Seal MOTTO  “With God As Our Vindicator”

The Union Capital Washington D.C.

The First Shot is Fired There were several Union forts located within the South  Southern troops took over all but two forts by the time Lincoln was inaugurated into office  The most important was Fort Sumter

The First Shot is Fired  Lincoln made a smart political move He would not abandon Fort Sumter in South Carolina but he wouldn’t reinforce it with troops or ammunition either He just sent food to “hungry men” In this way he didn’t acknowledge the CSA He also forced Jefferson Davis to make the first move

The Civil War began at Fort Sumter.

Fort Sumter The fort was commandeered by Major Robert Anderson.  His troops were in desperate need of supplies and the guns of Charleston were pointed directly at his fort.  He waited for orders.

Major Robert Anderson

Fort Sumter  The first battle between North and South began on April 12,  After 2 days, the North surrendered to the South.  No one was killed but 1 soldier who was killed when a cannon backfired during the surrendering ceremony. Picture Credit:

Lincoln Reacts to Fort Sumter  Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to serve for 3 months  Virginia could not fight against other Southern states and seceded Virginia had the highest population in the South and the most industry In May of 1861 Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina seceded

West Virginia  The counties of Northern Virginia were antislavery and seceded from Virginia  These counties were admitted to the Union as the state West Virginia in 1863

TThere were 23 states in the Union (North) at the beginning of the war. TThere were 11 states in the Confederacy (South) at the beginning of the war.

The Border States  Border States (Kentucky, Maryland, & Missouri) were States that had soldiers fighting for both sides!

Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined

Rating the North & the South

Slave/Free States Population, 1861

Railroad Lines, 1860

Resources: North & the South

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

North’s Advantages  The North had many advantages. They had many more people and also had more factories, which could be used to make weapons  The Union also had many more miles of railroad tracks.

South’s Advantages TThe main advantage was they were fighting at home. TThey were closer to their supplies. TThey were protecting their homes. TThey had superior generals and better trained soldiers. TThe South was also being supplied by England at the beginning of the war. England wanted to keep trading for the South’s cotton.

Lincoln’s Generals Irwin McDowell Winfield Scott George McClellan, Again! McClellan George McClellan Ambrose Burnside Joseph Hooker George Meade Ulysses S. Grant

Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan

The “Anaconda” Plan

South’s Strategy  The Confederacy’s strategy was mainly to survive as a nation.  Its goals were mainly defense.  If the opportunity arose, they would invade the North and attack the Union’s capital.

The Confederate Generals Jeb Stuart James Longstreet George Pickett “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest Robert E. Lee

Battle of Bull Run (1 st Manassas) July, 1861

First Bull Run or Manassas  The first major battle of the Civil War took place near a Creek called Bull Run near a railroad junction called Manassas.  This was located 25 miles south of Washington D.C.  The Union troops located in this area were known as the Army of the Potomac.

McClellan: I Can Do It All!

First Bull Run or Manassas  Spectators from Washington D.C. came out to watch the battle.  They brought picnics and buggies.  They believed it would be a quick and entertaining event to watch.

First Bull Run or Manassas  The Union and Confederate troops were “green”.  In the morning of the battle the Union was winning.  In the afternoon the Confederate troops saw General Thomas Jackson fighting.

First Bull Run or Manassas  Someone said, “There is Jackson standing like a stonewall.”  Jackson inspired the Confederate troops and the battle turned in favor of the Confederates.  He earned the nickname “Stonewall Jackson”

Stonewall Jackson  He led a valley campaign for 3 months in  He liked to suck on lemons all the time.  He said, “If this Valley is lost, Virginia is lost.”  His military reputation is perhaps greater than any other Civil War General because he won with a smaller army the majority of the time. Picture Credit: portraits/

First Bull Run or Manassas  The Union troops hastily retreated leaving cannons and rifles behind as they fled.  The spectators were forced to flee with the soldiers back to Washington D.C.  First Manasas First Manasas

Bull Run: July 21, 1861  Forces Engaged -28,450 Union -32,230 Confederate  Estimated Casualties -2,950 Union -1,750 Confederate Confederate Victory manassas/first-manassas-maps/bull- run-animated-map/

The Western Battles

Ulysses S. Grant  Ulysses S. Grant was the head of a Union army in Tennessee  He captured 2 forts in less than 11 days. Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

Shiloh In late March of 1862 Grant’s troops gathered in Shiloh On April 6 they were surprised by Confederate troops Grant was reinforced the next day and put the Confederates in retreat

Shiloh Things learned: 1. Need to build trenches and reinforcements 2. War could be bloody 1. 25, 000 dead- ¼ of all troops

David G. Farragut  Farragut took a fleet of Union ships up from Louisiana.  He captured the city of New Orleans on April 29, 1862  He then took Baton Rouge and Natchez along the Mississippi

New Weapons

The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac

The Ironclads  The two iron ships fought for 5 hours and even collided 5 times. Neither side won except the North kept the South from getting supplies from the rest of the world. Picture Credit:

The Battle of the Ironclads  March 8-9, 1862  The battle took place in Hampton Roads, VA.  The South had built an iron ship called the Merrimac or the Virginia.  The North challenged the Confederate ship with the northern iron ship called the Monitor. Picture Credit:

New Weapons  Many new weapons were used during the Civil War.  One of these weapons was an ironclad ship. An ironclad ship was a ship with iron plates on it to protect it from cannon fire.

Other new weapons  Deadlier cannons and bullets  More accurate rifles

The War for the Capitals

Northern Strategy Number 3  McClellan was a cautious man  He insisted he needed 270,000 men before he could move toward Richmond  There were only two bridges back across the Potomac River and this wasn’t enough for a retreat

Spring 1862  McClellan headed toward Richmond in the Spring of 1862  There were numerous battles with General Johnson  General Johnson was wounded and command of the Army of Virginia was passed to Robert E. Lee

Robert E. Lee  Lee opposed secession  Lincoln offered him the position of head of the Union Army  However he said, “I can not fire a shot against my home of Virginia”

Seven Days’ Battles  Lee was determined to save Richmond  He fought against McClellan in a series of battles known as the Seven Days’ Battles

Seven Days’ Battles  Lee’s tactics unnerved McClellan and he backed away from Richmond

Antietam  Lee moved toward Washington D.C.  He won at the Battle of Second Bull Run on August 29 and 30  Lee crossed the Potomac River and entered Maryland

Antietam: September , 1862 Forces Engaged 87,000 Union 45,000 Confederate

Antietam  A corporal for the Union army came across a copy of Lee’s orders  McClellan went after Lee  The two armies met on September 17 near a creek called the Antietam

Antietam- Results  The battle was a standoff  The South lost ¼ of its men and retreated across the Potomac into Virginia  Over 26,000 men died on this one day As much as the Mexican War and the War of 1812 combined  This is the bloodies single day battle in U.S. history

Antietam :September , 1862  Forces Engaged -87,000 Union -45,000 Confederate  Estimated Casualties -12,401 Union -10,316 Confederate Inconclusive Forces Engaged 87,000 Union 45,000 Confederate

Lincoln’s Reaction  Lincoln fired McClellan on November 7, 1862  tietam/maps/antietam-animated- map.html

The Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation  Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863 The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."  It did not free any slaves immediately  It applied only to slaves in states in rebellion

Emancipation in 1863

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Politics during Warfare

Britain  The South needed Great Britain to accept them as a nation  Great Britain declined

Trent Affair  In the fall of 1861 the Confederacy sent two diplomats to Great Britain  They traveled on a British ship called the Trent  They were arrested by an American warship called the San Jacinto  Britain threatened war

Maryland  Lincoln suspended habeas corpus in Maryland after a Baltimore crowd attacked Union troops  Since this time presidents have taken powers to meet crises that happen during wartime

“Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC

Recruiting Blacks in NYC

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

Drafts Union- passed in All men aged for three years Confederacy- passed in All men In

Buy Your Way Out of Military Service

Life During the War

The Famous 54 th Massachusetts

August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould Shaw

African-Americans in Civil War Battles

Black Troops Freeing Slaves

Women in the Civil War  Women on both sides worked during the war. Many became nurses. The most famous nurse from the Union was Clara Barton.  She also helped organize the American Red Cross.

Sally Thompkins  Was the only women given the title Captain of the Confederate army  She ran one of the South’s most successful hospitals

Belle Boyd  She was a Southern spy that told Jackson that the Yankees were at Front Royal. Picture Credit: boydbio.htm

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A “Pogrom” Against Blacks

Inflation in the South

The Progress of War:

Income Tax  For the first time an income tax was collected by the U.S. government in 1863

Andersonville  Camp Sumter confined more than 45,000 Union prisoners, of which more than 13,000 died from disease, poor sanitation, malnutrition, overcrowding, or exposure to the elements over the 14 months it was in operation.

Capt. Henry Wirz  The camp's commandant, was arrested and charged with conspiring with high Confederate officials to "impair and injure the health and destroy the lives... of Federal prisoners" and "murder, in violation of the laws of war."

Execution of Commandant  Wirz was tried and found guilty by a military tribunal in Washington, D.C., and hanged. His arrest, trial, conviction and execution at the first war crimes trial remains controversial to this day.

A Soldier’s Life o Mmmm- o Union- o Hard Tack, beans, bacon and coffee o Confederacy- o Cush- stew of small cubes of beef, crumbled cornbread and bacon grease o Coffee made from peanuts, dried apples or corn

A Soldier’s Life Who needs a Bathroom?!! o There were no latrines or garbage disposals Take a bath once a week! o Body lice, dysentery, and diarrhea

Medicine

Doctors

Medical Care  More men died from disease than from bullets  Amputation was common  Infection ran rampant

Surgeon’s Tools

surgery reenactment ?v=kdo2p-5uMRI

The End is Near

Chancellorsville The South was doing well at the beginning of 1863  Lee won against Hooker in Chancellorsville, Virginia  Hooker was forced to retreat

A Grave Mistake  On May 2, 1863 Stonewall Jackson returned from a patrol  Confederate guards mistook him for a Yankee and shot him in the left arm  Jackson caught and died from pneumonia on May 10

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

Gettysburg Casualties

Gettysburg: July

 Forces Engaged -83,289 Union -75,054 Confederate  Estimated Casualties -23,000 Union -28,000 Confederate Union Victory

 The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the war. The Confederacy would never invade Union territory again.  Gettysburg Address Gettysburg Address

The War in the West, 1863:Vicksburg 1863:Vicksburg

Vicksburg  Vicksburg was one of only two Confederate holdouts on the Mississippi River  Grant distracted Confederate forces in Spring of 1863  Grant tried two frontal assaults on Vicksburg -both failed

Vicksburg  Grant set a siege for Vicksburg  He shelled the city from the river and from the land several hours of every day  Residents were forced to take shelters in caves they had dug in hillsides  There was no food and the people had to eat the dogs and mules  On July 4 the city fell

The Mississippi River  Five days later the last Confederate holdout on the Mississippi fell  The Confederacy was cut in two

Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864

1864 Election Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D)

Presidential Election Results: 1864

The Final Virginia Campaign:

Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865 Surrender Appomattox- documentary final surrender

 Many point to Robert E. Lee's surrender on April 9, 1865 as the end of the American Civil War. This claim ignores the fact that other Confederate armies were still in the field and fighting after Lee's surrender. On April 26, 1865, Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston would surrender his forces to William T. Sherman in North Carolina. General Richard Taylor's forces in Alabama surrendered on May 4th. On June 2, 1865 General Edmund Kirby Smith surrendered the Confederate Department of the Trans-Mississippi. And on June 23, 1865, General Stand Watie surrendered his Cherokee forces to the Union army in Oklahoma.

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

The Assassin John Wilkes Booth

The Assassination

WANTED~~!!WANTED~~!!

Now He Belongs to the Ages!

The Execution