123 Go To Section: 4 Foreign Policy

123 Go To Section: 4 Chapter 17, Section 1 Foreign Policy and Foreign Affairs What is foreign policy? What is the difference between isolationism and internationalism? How does the Department of State function? How do the Department of Defense and the military departments function?

123 Go To Section: 4 What is Foreign Policy? A country’s relations with other nations

123 Go To Section: 4 History of American Foreign Policy Chapter 17, Section For more than 150 years, the American people were interested in domestic affairs, or events happening inside our nation. Isolationism, the refusal to become involved in the affairs of the rest of the world, was American policy during this time. Since World War II, however, U.S. policy has been to become involved in global affairs - Internationalism

123 Go To Section: 4 An explanation of foreign policy Chapter 17, Section A nation’s foreign policy (a country’s relations with other nations) is made up of all the stands and actions that a nation takes in every aspect of its relationships with other countries.

123 Go To Section: 4 The President’s Role The President has the major responsibility for both the making and conducting of foreign policy. He is the nation’s chief diplomat, the person who negotiates with other countries, and commander in chief, or leader of our armed forces.

123 Go To Section: 4 The State Department’s Role Chapter 17, Section The State Department is headed by the Secretary of State – Hillary Clinton, who is the President’s most important advisor. The State Department conducts diplomacy, negotiating agreements, alliances and treaties with other nations, for the United States. A diplomat is an official who has formal contact with foreign countries. One type of diplomat is an ambassador, a personal representative appointed by the President to represent our nation in other countries and to conduct diplomacy. The place they live and work in foreign countries is called an embassy.

123 Go To Section: 4 The Defense Department’s Role The Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense – Robert Gates. It was created to unify the nation’s armed forces – Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines. It supervises military forces, military bases, and weapons This department is located in the Pentagon in Washingtion,DC.Pentagon There are 1.4 million men and women in uniform and 700,000 civilians – people who aren’t in the military – who work for the Department of Defense (800,000 reserves).

123 Go To Section: 4 The Military Departments The Department of the Army The army is the largest and the oldest of the armed services. The army consists of standing troops, or the Regular Army, and its reserve units—the Army National Guard and Army Reserve. Chapter 17, Section The Department of the Navy The navy’s major responsibilities are for sea warfare and defense. The U.S. Marine Corps, a combat-ready land force, are under the auspices of navy command. The Department of the Air Force The air force is the youngest branch of the armed services. The air force’s main responsibility is to serve as the nation’s first line of defense.

123 Go To Section: 4 This chart shows the chain of command of the American military services Chapter 17, Section

123 Go To Section: 4 Agencies That Help With Foreign Policy The Legislative Branch – Congress, decides how much money will be spent on foreign aid and defense. CIA – Central Intelligence Agency – gathers and analyzes information on foreign countries.

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123 4 Chapter 17, Section 1 Check for Understanding What is foreign policy? What is the difference between isolationism and internationalism? How does the Department of State function? How do the Department of Defense and the military departments function?

123 Go To Section: 4Review 1. What is foreign policy? (a) a country’s relations with other nations. (b) protection of overseas interests. (c) international trade policy. (d) sending diplomats to global conferences. 2. Who has the major responsibility for US foreign policy? (a)The Secretary of State (b)The Secretary of Defense (c) The CIA (d) The President Chapter 17, Section

123 Go To Section: 4 3. What is diplomacy? (a) protection of overseas interests (b) negotiating agreements, alliances and treaties with other nations (c) international trade policy (d) a country’s relations with other nations 4. Who conducts diplomacy for the United States? (a)The Secretary of State (b)Ambassadors (c) Diplomats (d) All of the above Chapter 17, Section

123 Go To Section: 4 5. What is the Pentagon? (a) The leaders of the army, navy, and air force (b) The building that houses the Department of Defense (c) A group of civilians (d) A combat ready army 6. Who decides how much money will be spent on foreign aid and defense? (a)The President (b)The Secretary of State (c) Congress (d) The Secretary of Defense Chapter 17, Section

123 Go To Section: 4 7. What is isolationism? (a) Refusal to become involved in world affairs (b) A strategy used by the Department of Defense (c) A type of diplomacy used for foreign policy (d) negotiating agreements, alliances and treaties 8. What is internationalism? (a)Diplomatic immunity (b)Events that take place in one’s own country (c) A President’s representative to another nation (d) To become involved in world affairs Chapter 17, Section

123 Go To Section: 4 How much should the United States be involved in other countries?

123 Go To Section: 4 Other Foreign and Defense Agencies S E C T I O N 2 Other Foreign and Defense Agencies What agencies are involved in foreign and defense policy? How do the CIA, NASA, and the Selective Service System contribute to the nation’s security? How does the INS affect our relations with other nations and their citizens? Chapter 17, Section

123 Go To Section: 4 Chapter 17, Section The CIA and the INS The CIA The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a key part of the foreign policy establishment. The CIA is responsible for collecting, analyzing, and reporting information for the President and the NSC. A full range of espionage, or spying, activities are undertaken by the CIA. The INS The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) deals with persons who come to the United States from abroad to live and work, and who may become naturalized citizens. The INS enforces immigration laws and requirements and administers benefits to immigrants.

123 Go To Section: 4 NASA and the Selective Service NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the independent agency which deals with the nation’s space policy. The Selective Service The Selective Service System handles, when necessary, the conscription—or draft—of citizens for service in the armed forces. Chapter 17, Section

123 Go To Section: 4 Section 2 Review 1. Information gathering in foreign nations, or espionage, falls under the auspices of (a) the INS. (b) the CIA. (c) NASA. (d) the EPA. 2. The Selective Service System handles matters involved with (a) conscription. (b) customer relations. (c) staffing federal agencies. (d) none of the above Chapter 17, Section 2 Want to connect to the Magruder’s link for this section? Click Here!Click Here!

123 Go To Section: 4 Chapter 17, Section 3 American Foreign Policy Overview S E C T I O N 3 American Foreign Policy Overview What were the themes in American foreign policy through World War I? How did the two World Wars affect America’s traditional policy of isolationism? What are the principles of collective security and deterrence? How did the United States resist Soviet aggression during the cold war? How can we describe American foreign policy since the end of the cold war?

123 Go To Section: 4 Foreign Policy From Independence Through World War I Chapter 17, Section As stated in George Washington’s Farewell Address, for the next 150 years the United States practiced a policy of isolationism. The Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned Europe to stay out of the affairs of North and South America and established the United States as the hegemonic power of the Western Hemisphere. Throughout the nineteenth century, the United States expanded across the North American continent through both land purchases and acquisitions through war. As the United States expanded commercially in the late nineteenth century, so did the reach of its foreign policy, as seen in the Good Neighbor policy in effect in Latin America during the early 1900s, and the Open Door Policy for China during the same time.

123 Go To Section: 4 World War I and World War II Chapter 17, Section World War I The United States entered World War I after continued disruptions of American commerce due to German submarine warfare. After the defeat of Germany and the Central Powers, the nation retreated to a policy of isolationism. World War II The bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 signaled the United States entry in World War II, joining the Allies (Russia, Great Britain, and China) fighting against the Axis Powers (Italy, Japan, and Germany). World War II led to a historic shift away from isolationism to an increased role in global affairs by the United States.

123 Go To Section: 4 Two New Principles Deterrence Deterrence is the policy of making America and its allies so militarily strong that their very strength will deter—discourage, or even prevent—any attack. Collective Security Collective security, approached by the United States following World War II, involves a world community in which most nations would agree to act together against any nation that threatened the peace. Chapter 17, Section

123 Go To Section: 4 Resisting Soviet Aggression The cold war was a period of more than 40 years during which relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were tense, but did not result in direct military action between the two. Chapter 17, Section

123 Go To Section: 4 Détente Through the Present Following the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam, the Nixon administration embarked on a policy of détente. Détente is a French term meaning “relaxation of tensions. Nixon would become the first U.S. President to visit mainland China in He also visited Moscow during his administration. The cold war came to an end with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in January 1991 brought the Persian Gulf War, with American forces spear- heading a multinational force to drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait. Chapter 17, Section

123 Go To Section: 4 Section 3 Review 1. For much of the United States first 150 years, its foreign policy was one of (a) internationalism. (b) isolationism. (c) imperialism. (d) commercialism. 2. Collective security refers to (a) the goal of most of the nations of the world to act together to maintain the peace. (b) a free market ideal aimed at creating new markets for American goods. (c) a policy of tariffs and duties to protect American industries. (d) the goal of the United States to expand its borders. Chapter 17, Section 3 Want to connect to the Magruder’s link for this section? Click Here!Click Here!

123 Go To Section: 4 Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances S E C T I O N 4 Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances What are the two types of foreign aid? How can we describe United States foreign aid policy? What are the major security alliances to which the United States belongs? What is United States policy in the Middle East? What role does the United Nations play, and what problems does it face? Chapter 17, Section

123 Go To Section: 4 Foreign Aid Chapter 17, Section Foreign aid—economic and military aid to other countries—has been a basic feature of American foreign policy for more than 50 years. Most aid has been sent to those nations regarded as the most critical to the realization of this country’s foreign policy objectives. Most foreign aid money must be used to buy American goods and products.

123 Go To Section: 4 Security Alliances Other Alliances The United States is also part of the Rio Pact with Canada and Latin America, the ANZUS pact with Australia and New Zealand, as well as other pacts in the Pacific region. The United States has also taken an active interest in the actions that unfold in the Middle East, although America is not part of any formal alliance in the region. Chapter 17, Section NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed to promote the collective defense of Western Europe. Today, NATO’s purpose has changed. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, NATO’s goals have broadened to include peacekeeping roles, such as in the Balkans, and establishing a continued relationship with Russia.

123 Go To Section: 4 The United Nations Chapter 17, Section The United Nations was formed following World War II to promote peace and security across the globe. The General Assembly acts as “the town meeting of the world.” Oversight and maintenance of international peace is delegated to the UN Security Council, of which the United States is a permanent member. Peacekeeping missions, international aid to children and women, and investigations and aid for world health services are all examples of current United Nations functions.

123 Go To Section: 4 Section 4 Review 1. All of the following are examples of foreign aid EXCEPT (a) the United States sending supplies to a region struck by an earthquake. (b) the use of the military in overseas peacekeeping missions. (c) block grants to States for immigration reform. (d) monetary aid to rebuild the economies of Europe. 2. The United Nations has all of the following functions EXCEPT (a) providing aid to children in emergency situations. (b) intervention in the activities of sovereign nations. (c) raising concerns over the global environment. (d) attempting to guarantee basic human rights worldwide. Chapter 17, Section 4 Want to connect to the Magruder’s link for this section? Click Here!Click Here!