1. Foreign Policy and National Security

2. Foreign Policy and National Security
Section 1: Goals and Principles of U.S. Foreign Policy
Section 2: Making Foreign Policy
Section 3: History of U.S. Foreign Policy
Section 4: Foreign Aid and Alliances

3. Section 1: Goals and Principles of U.S. Foreign Policy
Objectives:
What are the goals of U.S. foreign policy?
How have factors such as location and geographic characteristics influenced U.S. policies toward a place?
What principles have historically guided U.S. foreign policy?

4. Section 1: Goals and Principles of U.S. Foreign Policy
Goals of U.S. foreign policy:
maintaining national security
supporting democracy
promoting world peace
providing aid to people in need
establishing free and open trade

5. Section 1: Goals and Principles of U.S. Foreign Policy
Effects of factors such as location and geographic qualities on U.S. foreign policies:
can affect which type of relations are established—foreign aid or military action
can influence diplomatic and trade relationships with a specific global region

6. Section 1: Goals and Principles of U.S. Foreign Policy
isolationism
realism
neoisolationism
idealism

7. Section 2: Making Foreign Policy
Objectives:
Why does the executive branch have the greatest influence over foreign policy?
How does the U.S. Department of State affect foreign policy decisions?
How is the U.S. Department of Defense organized?
What are the roles of the Central Intelligence Agency and Congress in making foreign policy?

8. Section 2: Making Foreign Policy
Why the president has the greatest influence over foreign policy:
because people believe it is part of the president’s role
because of the president’s role as commander in chief to take military action without congressional approval
because the president can make foreign policy without Congress’s approval through executive agreements

9. Section 2: Making Foreign Policy
Influence of the U.S. Department of State on foreign policy decisions:
has diplomatic relations with 180 countries globally
maintains embassies and consulates worldwide to represent and promote U.S. interests
issues passports and visas to allow international travel

10. Section 2: Making Foreign Policy
Organization of the U.S. Department of Defense:
the president as commander in chief
the secretary of defense
the deputy secretary of defense
a secretary from the Army, Navy, and Air Force
joint chiefs of staff—military advisers made up of the chair, the Army chief of staff, the chief of naval operations, the Air Force chief of staff, and the Marine Corps commandant

11. Section 2: Making Foreign Policy
Roles of the Central Intelligence Agency and Congress in making foreign policy:
The CIA provides information about other governments to the president.
Congress can declare war, approve defense and foreign aid funding, ratify treaties, and confirm the president’s diplomatic appointments.

12. Section 3: History of U.S. Foreign Policy
Objectives:
What are the principles that shaped U.S. leaders’ foreign policy decisions in the early years of the United States?
What was the policy of containment?
What significance did the expansion of communism have on U.S. foreign policy?

13. Section 3: History of U.S. Foreign Policy
Principles that shaped early U.S. foreign policy:
neutrality, or isolationism, in the early 1800s, from the Spanish-American War until World War I, and between World War I and World War II
internationalism in the late 1800s

14. Section 3: History of U.S. Foreign Policy
The policy of containment:
reflected idealist and realist principles
called for the stop of Soviet communist expansion during the Cold War
based on a theory that if Soviet expansion stopped, then communism might fall

15. Section 3: History of U.S. Foreign Policy
The expansion of communism led to a U.S. foreign policy of containment, which lasted more than 40 years and marked the Cold War.

16. Section 4: Foreign Aid and Alliances
Objectives:
How does providing aid to other nations help the United States?
What are the defense alliances that the United States maintains today? What factors determine alliance selections?
How do alliances and foreign-aid programs promote the public good?

17. Section 4: Foreign Aid and Alliances
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4/20/2017
Section 4: Foreign Aid and Alliances
U.S. benefits of providing foreign aid:
creates markets for U.S. goods
promotes peace and stability
helps the U.S. public good by promoting the public good of foreign countries
Foreign Policy and National Security

18. Section 4: Foreign Aid and Alliances
U.S. defense alliances:
NATO
the Rio Pact
the OAS
Factors that determine alliance selections:
whether it is an agreement of mutual defense signed by several countries
whether it is a security agreement between two countries
whether it is to resolve military or economic disputes

19. Section 4: Foreign Aid and Alliances
Advantages of alliances and foreign-aid programs to the public good:
collective security
increased economic and military cooperation among countries internationally

20. Interpreting US Foreign Policy
Objectives of US Foreign Policy
Foreign policies are made in the name of national interest
Four core goals/elements of national interest (the “4 Ps” framework)
Power
Peace
Prosperity
Principles
A particular policy can be seen to pursue one, several or all of the “Ps.”

21. Interpreting US Foreign Policy
Power as the objective
A most basic goal since power :
Is key to a strong defense and credible deterrence
Enhances influence over other actors
Advances own interest and aggressiveness.
Realists perception
“International politics is a struggle for power.”
Competition and conflicts are constant
Cooperation among states is limited
The world is a self-help system; it is “jungle”
States pursue power enlargement
for survival.

22. Interpreting US Foreign Policy
Power as the objective
Realists perception
Indicators of a realist foreign policy
Coercive diplomacy
Big military spending
alliance against a mutual enemy
Peace as the objective
Perception of International institutionalism
World politics is “a cultivable ‘garden’”
Cooperation is possible and reduces tensions.
Diplomacy works better than military means
International institutions serve
to sustain cooperation

23. Interpreting US Foreign Policy
Peace as the objective
Perception of International institutionalism
Anarchy cannot be eliminated; but can be tempered or regulated via int’l organizations, negotiations, treaties.
Indicators of a peace-oriented policy
Acting as “peace broker”
“shuttle diplomacy” in the Mideast by Dr. Kissinger
The Camp David accord between Egypt and Israel in 1978
The 1995 Dayton accord ending the war in Bosnia
Diplomacy over military means
US participation in the “six-party” talk on North Korea

24. Interpreting US Foreign Policy
Prosperity as the objective
Foreign policy:
serves the general economic interest of the nation
Strives for a favorable balance of trade
Pursues a strong growth
Maintains a healthy macro economy
Reflections in foreign policy:
Granting of most favored nation status
Support of free trade