Essential Questions: What were the chief similarities and differences among the development of English, Spanish, Dutch, and French colonies in America? How did different values lead to different American subcultures in the New England, & Middle colonies? How did environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contribute to regional differences in what would become the British colonies?

The English Colonies in America

The English Colonies In the 1600s, English settlers arrived in North America English colonization differed from Spanish & French because the English gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World Different motivations by English settlers led to different types of colonies

America in 1600 Spain—Sante Fe (1610) France—Quebec (1608) England—Jamestown (1607) They had failed to colonize in 1500s due to internal conflicts: Henry VIII & the English Protestant Reformation, Rivalry between Elizabeth I’s England and Catholic Spain, problems with Catholic Ireland

Elizabeth Energizes England English “seadogs” had two major goals: Protestantism and Plunder Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated globe and knighted First attempt to colonize at Roanoke by Sir Walter Raleigh failed miserably (1585) Known as “The Lost Colony” Virginia names for “the Virgin Queen” Seeking to get their revenge from the pirating (and acting as enemy of Protestant Reformation), Spain attacked Britain but lost in the Spanish Armada’s defeat of 1588.

Victory Led to colonization and power Characteristics attributing to success: Justification for liberating Indians from pope Nationalism and national destiny Strong unified national state under popular monarch Religious unity Golden age of literature Beginning of British dominance at sea (which lasts until U.S. tops them, around 1900)

On Eve of Empire 1500s—population boom. 1600s: High unemployment New policy of enclosure (fencing in land) for farming. competition for land Urbanization; Large mobile population Low wages, increase in prices The woolen districts fell upon hard times economically Tradition of primogeniture = 1st born son inherits ALL father’s land.

British Colonies in North America

British Colonies in North America Motivations: Many different reasons Economic: Escape poverty/unemployment or gain wealth from cash crop farming, new markets Adventure Religious: For religious freedom & to escape religious persecution Political: Fear during the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution As a result, the British colonies were very different from each other & were never very unified In 1623, a royal letter promised 200 acres to any emigrant.

A Discourse Concerning Western Planting by Richard Hakluyt Damage Spanish empire Help natives and rescue from tyranny National power and glory to rival others’ wealth and standing

Migrating to the English Colonies America (1600s) was dangerous and unstable Settlers depended on mother country for protection and economic assistance However, still a large number of people willing to brave New World. 120,000 in Chesapeake before 1660 21,000 in New England before 1640 23,000 to Middle Colonies in late 1600s Most are young, poor, single men Indentured servants

British Colonies in North America Government: The colonies differed from French & Spanish because the British gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in America Britain developed a policy called salutary neglect in which the colonists created local laws & taxes in their colonial assemblies Royal governors were sent by the king, but they had little power

British Colonies in North America Unlike the Spanish & French, the British colonists never made sweeping attempts to convert, marry, or trade with local Native Americans, although conflicts over land were common New England colonies, like Massachusetts, were closely connected by religion & families & were mostly subsistence farmers who had little desire to make money Economy & Society: The societies & economies of the British colonies were dependent upon the reasons people settled Southern colonies, like Virginia, had cash crop economies, large gaps between rich & poor farmers, & slave labor

By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France had large territorial claims in North America (but these colonies were not heavily populated, especially in Spanish & French claims) The Spanish & French adopted Frontiers of Inclusion while the British used Frontiers of Exclusion These colonial claims came largely at the expense of the Native Americans already living there

Native Americans initially welcomed Europeans and their goods Metal goods changed farming, hunting, & cooking practices. Overhunting of beaver and deer forced groups to encroach on others’ territory. War between tribes was stimulated. Pigs and cattle roamed freely and damaged cornfields and gardens. Depletion of forests

Four Colonial Subcultures The different values of the migrants dictated the “personality” of the newly created colonies; led to distinct (not unified) colonies New England Middle Colonies The Chesapeake The Lower South

European Settlements in North America by 1660

Chesapeake Colonies: Virginia & Maryland

Chesapeake Colonies

Entrepreneurs in Virginia The major obstacle to colonizing in America was funding; Queen Elizabeth would not spend tax revenue: Joint-stock companies provided financing for colonies The joint-stock company was perfected in the 1600s (investors put money into the company with hopes for a good return). In 1606, King James gave the London Company the 1st charter to establish colonies in America

The London Company, 1606 The London Co was later renamed the Virginia Company; English stockholders in Virginia Company expected instant profits

The London Company, 1606 The charter of the Virginia Company guaranteed settlers the same rights as Englishmen in Britain. Why would this cause a problem later? Such joint-stock companies usually did not exist long, as stockholders invested hopes to form the company, turn a profit, and then quickly sell for profit a few years later. (i.e. No one desired long term colonization.)

Entrepreneurs in Virginia Chesapeake colonists did not work for the common good & many starved to death Jamestown was settled in 1607 along the Chesapeake Bay: the location was unhealthy but easy to defend from Spanish ships (but not from inland Indians) Settlers had no experience in founding a settlement Colonists expected to become immediately wealthy (To find gold, silver, copper or obtain wealth from tobacco, beaver & otter skins) They failed to plant crops or prepare for long-term habitation in America Clash of cultures; settlers had no experience in founding a settlement-they simply did that they knew. This did not work

Jamestown Fort, 1609

Jamestown Colony

Spinning Out of Control Captain John Smith In 1608, John Smith imposed order in Jamestown & traded for food with natives But, Jamestown faced difficulties: Poor leadership & harsh winters led to starving time (1609-1610) 1610: English began destroying Indian crops In 1622 & 1644, Jamestown was attacked by Powhattan Indians The most powerful Native Americans east of Mississippi River In 1609, London Co. reorganized the colonial gov’t; but the new governor would not arrive until 1610; meanwhile the colony lacked leadership; In 1616, the investors of the Virginia Co. had worthless stock; could claim un-surveyed land 3,000 miles from England

The 1622 Powhatan uprising killed 347 Powhatan Confederacy The Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-1646) effectively banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands. The 1622 Powhatan uprising killed 347 Including John Rolfe

Saved by a “Stinking Weed” By 1612, John Rolfe introduced a tobacco hybrid that gave Jamestown a cash crop economy

Early Colonial Tobacco 1618 — Virginia produced 20,000 pounds of tobacco 1622 — Despite losing nearly 1/3 of its colonists in an Indian attack (First Anglo-Powahatan War), 60,000 pounds produced 1627 — Virginia produced 500,000 pounds of tobacco 1629 — Virginia produced 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco

Saved by a “Stinking Weed” In 1618, headrights were used to encourage cultivation of tobacco & the settlement of Jamestown: A 50-acre lot was granted to each colonist who paid for his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony Led to huge tobacco plantations & thousands of new settlers who hoped to make their fortunes

Virginia’s growth was due largely to headrights English Migration, 1610-1660 Virginia’s growth was due largely to headrights

Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?

Virginia House of Burgesses In 1619, Virginia colonists created a legislative assembly to create local taxes & oversee finances The Virginia House of Burgesses became the 1st legislative assembly in America

How Many Slaves? In 1619, the 1st African slaves arrived in Jamestown 04/06/98 In 1619, the 1st African slaves arrived in Jamestown In the 17th century, 1,000 slaves arrived in the New World per year Through the 18th century, 5.5 million arrived in America By 1860, 11 million slaves were brought to the New World Before 1831, more African slaves came to America than Europeans 1 12 12 12

Population of the Chesapeake Colonies: 1607-1750

Time of Reckoning Despite the profits from tobacco, Virginia was a deadly place to live. 80% of the 3,000 immigrants to travel to Jamestown died within their first few years in Virginia Many died from disease Numerous Powhatan attacks Indentured servants were treated badly & cheated out of land when servitude ended Few females (6:1 ratio) made families or reproduction difficult Orphans were common

Corruption and Reform In 1624, James I dissolved the Virginia Company & made Virginia a royal colony But colonists continued to meet in the House of Burgesses VA was divided into 8 counties each with a county court Very little changed; Jamestown colonists still focused with tobacco & continued to lack unity

Jamestown Colonization Pattern, 1620-1660

The Maryland Colony

Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as a refuge for English Catholics In 1632, Charles I granted a charter for Maryland Lord Baltimore gave huge estates to his Catholic relatives, but others came with the opportunity to acquire their own land.

Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics Wealthy Catholics proved unwilling to relocate to America so Maryland became populated largely by poor Protestant farmers & many indentured servants: Maryland had few large tobacco plantations Farmers (mostly poor tobacco planters) lived in scattered riverfront settlements Tension between Protestants and Catholics

Maryland Act of Toleration, 1649 Guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians Decreed the death penalty to Jews and atheists and others who didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ.

New England Colonies

New England Colonies, 1650

Reforming England in America Queen Elizabeth’s reconciliation of Anglican & Catholic conflicts appeased many, but created 2 factious groups of extremists: Catholics (many settled in Maryland) Puritans who wanted Anglican Church stripped of Catholic rituals (made up of conservative “Puritans” & radical “Pilgrims”) Calvinist theology Puritans: only “visible saints” in church Group of extreme Puritans, called Separatists, wanted to break away entirely from Church of England

The Pilgrims in Plymouth Pilgrims were Separatists who refused to worship in the Anglican Church, fled to Holland in 1608 to avoid compromising religious beliefs 1620: On Mayflower, migrated to America in order to maintain distinct identity & settled in New England Fewer than half were Separatists Formed the Mayflower Compact to create a “civil body politick” among settlers (became the 1st American form of self-gov’t) Form government and submit to will of majority

The “Mayflower Compact” Reading & Discussion What are the Pilgrims agreeing to do by signing the Mayflower Compact? Is this a religious or a political document? Explain

Reforming England in America The origins of Thanksgiving Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620 Faced disease & hunger; received help from local natives like Squanto & Massasoit 1621 was first fall harvest Fur, fish, and lumber Plymouth was a society of small farming villages bound together by mutual consent but faced serious recruitment issues William Bradford, self made scholar Governor 30 times Worried about non Puritans In 1691, Plymouth was absorbed into the larger, more successful Massachusetts Bay colony

“The Great Migration” elected governor for 19 years Puritans were more conservative than Pilgrims & wished to remain within the Church of England: Believed in predestination, fought social sins, & despised Catholic rituals in the Anglican Church In 1629, many Puritans felt King Charles I was ruining England when he dismissed Parliament and sanctioned anti-Puritan persecutions From 1630-1640, John Winthrop led 16,000 Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay colony elected governor for 19 years Royal charter

The Great Puritan Migration About 70,000 refugees left England during this time. Not all were Puritans. More Puritans went to Barbados.

“A City on a Hill” Winthrop emphasized a common spiritual goal: to create a “city on a hill” as beacon of righteousness New England experienced unique demographic & social trends: Settlers usually came as families NE was a generally healthy place to live Settlers sacrificed self-interest for the good of the community

“A City on a Hill” As Mass Bay colony grew beyond Boston, towns began to develop their own unique personalities: Each town was independently governed by local church members (Congregationalism) Allowed voting by all adult male church members (women & blacks joined but could not vote) Officials were responsible to God, not their constituents However, congregations could hire and fire their ministers at will

Massachusetts Bay Colony Not a democracy Governor Winthrop feared and distrusted the common people, calling democracy the “meanest and worst” of all forms of government. Religious leaders wielded powerful influence over the admission to church membership. Worldly (ate, drank, loved) but still, there were laws to limit Earthly pleasures, such as a fine of twenty shillings for couples caught kissing in public  Blue Laws

“A City on a Hill” NE town gov’ts were autonomous & most people participated due to common religious values Massachusetts Bay was more peaceful than other colonies: Passed a legal code called the Lawes and Liberties in 1648 to protect rights & order Created civil courts to maintain order & mediate differences

Limits of Dissent: Roger Williams Puritans never supported religious toleration, esp Roger Williams: Williams was a separatist who questioned the validity of the colony’s charter because the land was not bought from natives Promoted “liberty of conscience” where God (not leaders) would punish people for their “wrong” religious ideas Expelled to Rhode Island in 1636

Limits of Dissent: Anne Hutchinson Anne Hutchinson believed she was directly inspired by God: Believed that “converted” people are not subject to man’s laws, only subject to God’s laws (Antinomianism) Hutchinson challenged Mass Bay’s religious leaders She was banished to Rhode Island

Mobility and Division After absorbing Plymouth, the Massachusetts colony grew & spawned 4 new colonies: New Hampshire Rhode Island Connecticut New Haven

Mobility and Division New Hampshire formed in 1677; grew very slowly & was dependent upon Mass Bay Connecticut formed in 1662 due to fertile lands; resembled Mass Bay Reverend Thomas Hooker initially founded Hartford in 1635 1639: Fundamental Orders was model of civil gov’t based on religious principles (the 1st written constitution in American history)

Mobility and Division New Haven set up in 1636 because Puritan leaders wanted a colony with closer relationship between church & state Rhode Island drew highly independent colonists who practiced religious toleration (founded by religious dissenter Roger Williams) People were not similar, just unwanted

New England Colonies, 1650

New England Confederation. 1643: four colonies banded together in defense against foes Each member had 2 votes Mostly Puritans 2 Massachusetts colonies: Bay Colony and Plymouth 2 Connecticut colonies: New Haven and scattered valley settlements Weak but first step towards colonial unity Charles II took throne after serious neglect due to Civil War

New England Confederation. 1660: Charles II took throne after serious neglect due to Civil War Wanted active role in colony management Contrary to colonial ideas of independence Punished Mass. By giving Connecticut its charter, which legalized squatter territory and a charter to Rhode Island In 1684: revoked Bay Colony charter

Chesapeake New England Complete the following chart then identify the most significant similarities & differences between the Chesapeake & New England colonies Chesapeake New England Political Economic Social

Essential Question: How did differences in values affect distinct American subcultures in the Chesapeake, New England, Southern, & Middle colonies? Lesson for August 15th, 2008: RQ3B, Middle & Southern Colonies ppt, Lesson #1 from 1607-1914

The Middle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

The Middle Colonies, 1685

New York NY was established as “New Netherlands” by the Dutch West India Co. (the great economic rival to England & Spain) Its small population was diverse; included Finns, Swedes, Germans, Africans, & Dutch In 1664, the English fleet captured the colony with little resistance Charles II gave territory to brother, Duke of York New Amsterdam renamed New York With support of Iroquois who hated the French. Focused on fur trade, shipping for English & French colonies, & picking off Spanish conquistador ships

New York After begin taken by England, New York (which included New Jersey, Delaware, & Maine) became the personal property of James, the Duke of York Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local level James gained little profit from the colony

New York Very autocratic: Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local level Aristocratic—English governors gave land to favorites Land owning families had political power Discouraged Europeans from coming Dutch architecture & city names: Harlem, Brooklyn, and Hell Gate. Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf.

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania founded by a radical religious sect called Quakers Quakers believed in “Inner Light”: Rejected idea of original sin & predestination Believed that each person could communicate directly with God All are equal in eyes of God & can be saved (conversion was essential to faith) (derogatory term for those who “tremble at the word of the Lord”)

Penn's "Holy Experiment" Quakers were persecuted in New England for their beliefs; William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681 as a “holy experiment” As a society run on Quaker principles that promoted religious toleration & protection of the rights of property-less Disliked slavery Appealed to English, Welsh, Irish, German immigrants Penn’s treatment of the Indians was so gentle that Quakers could walk through Indian territory unarmed without fear of being hurt.

William Penn & Native Americans Quick Discussion Question: In what ways was Penn’s “holy experiment” in Pennsylvania similar to Winthrop’s “city on a hill?” William Penn & Native Americans

Settling Pennsylvania Immigration to PA led to a very ethnically, nationally, & religiously diverse population Quarrels were common (unlike homogeneous VA & Mass Bay colonies), but PA prospered In 1701, Penn granted self-rule to PA colonists & independence to Delaware counties

Urban Population Growth: 1650-1775

Middle Colonies All had fertile soil and broad expanse of land. All except for Delaware exported lots of grain. The Susquehanna River tapped the fur trade of the interior, and the rivers were gentle, with little cascading waterfalls. Landholdings were generally intermediate in size More ethnically mixed than other colonies A considerable amount of economic and social democracy prevailed.

The Lower South

Settling the Lower South

Carolina Although Carolina relied on slave labor & agriculture (& therefore looked like Chesapeake colonies) it was very different due to: Diversity of settlers Populated by English landed families deprived of inheritance Religious toleration  diversity of French Protestant refugees, Jews, and others Environment very different from the Chesapeake

Proprietors of the Carolinas Carolina was established as a “political utopia” & experimented with early forms of democracy Carolina was granted a charter in 1663, formally established in 1670, to eight “proprietors” to reward their loyalty: Proprietors were inspired by John Locke & created a government led by wealthy lawmakers but with veto power for average citizens But Carolina had difficulty recruiting settlers in its first years

The Barbadian Connection English planters from the Caribbean island of Barbados were recruited to Charles Town: Barbadians brought a strict, cruel slave code with them Demanded greater self-gov’t within Carolina; led to 1729 strife that led to division of colony into North & South Carolinas

Charles Town, South Carolina, the only southern port

Indigo & Rice: crops of the Carolinas

Africans worked on rice plantations due to Indians as slaves in Carolina was protested, but to no avail. Slaves were sent to the West Indies to work, as well as New England. Africans worked on rice plantations due to resistance to malaria familiarity with rice

North Carolina Most are from Virginia –poverty stricken or religious dissenters Called “squatters,” and had no legal right to soil Reputation for being irreligious and hospitable to pirates Resistant to authority Officially separated from South Carolina in 1712 Similar to Rhode Island – democratic, independently minded, and least aristocratic

The Carolinas and Georgia

Founding of Georgia Georgia was in many ways a “social utopia” because it offered a fresh start for many of the lowest English citizens Georgia was founded in 1732 by James Oglethorpe as a strategic buffer between the Carolinas & Spanish Florida Oglethorpe offered Georgia as a refuge for imprisoned debtors from England Defended it from Spanish attacks All Christians, except Catholics, enjoyed religious toleration, and many missionaries came to try to convert the Indians. John Wesley was one of them Georgia grew slowly By 1751, Georgia was a small colony with a slave-owning plantation society

Plantation Colonies Slavery was found in all the plantation colonies. The growth of cities was often stunted by forests. The establishment of schools and churches was difficult due to people being spread out. In the South, the crops were tobacco and rice, and some indigo in the tidewater region of SC. All the plantation colonies permitted some religious toleration. Confrontations with Native Americans were often.

The Proprietary Colonies A secretary of one of the proprietors was John Locke By Lord Baltimore as a heaven for Catholics 8 proprietors hoped to create a politically democratic colony Most English colonies were created by royal charter, but some had charters granted land to individuals: Maryland (1634) Carolina (1663) New York (1664) New Jersey (1665) New Hampshire (1680) Pennsylvania (1681) Delaware (1704) Granted to William Penn (son of a English naval hero) as a land of religious freedom Given as a gift to the James, Duke of York (the brother of King Charles II)

Conclusions All the colonies faced early an struggle to survive Distinct regional differences intensified & persisted throughout the colonial period It was not until the American Revolution that colonists began to see themselves as a distinct “American” people