Higher Order Thinking Skills Homework U.S. History Chapter 12 Higher Order Thinking Skills Homework

1. Summarize President Lincoln’s Reconstruction policies What was Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan? A plan to restore the Union as quickly and painlessly as possible, “Easy Reconstruction”. Who proposed the Wade-Davis Bill? A Bill that would have given Congress control of the Reconstruction process and allowed the Radical Republicans to punish the Southern States and ensure their control of the National Government. How did Lincoln deal with the passage of the Wade-Davis Bill? He killed the Bill with a “pocket” veto.

2. Identify the programs of Johnson’s Reconstruction policy How did Johnson’s plan follow and differ from Lincoln’s? Johnson wished for a quick and painless Reconstruction much as Lincoln had. Johnson refused to allow former Confederate officers and wealthy Southern landowners to take the oath of allegiance necessary for voting privileges. How did the Radical Republicans kill presidential Reconstruction? Congress refused to admit the new legislators from the newly readmitted Southern States to Congress and passed new laws acting on weaknesses in Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan Freedmen’s Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 were examples of this.

3. Explain Congressional Reconstruction policies What legislation did moderates and radicals pass in 1866? Civil Rights Act of 1866, which granted African Americans citizenship and forbade the use of “Black Codes”. What was the Reconstruction Act of 1867? After the Radical Republicans took over Congress in 1866 they voted to take over the Reconstruction process and punish the Southern States. Established Martial Law in the South by creating military districts and using federal troops to enforce civil liberties for the freed slaves. Why was Johnson impeached? Violation of the Tenure of Office Act Why was the Fifteenth Amendment passed? To grant the former slaves the right to vote, 900,000 African Americans voted for Ulysses S. Grant in 1868.

4. Summarize the economic problems in the South What was the economic condition of the South at the end of the Civil War? They suffered from a terrible Depression resulting from the devastation of the Civil War. What changes in population occurred as a result of the war? One fifth of adult white males died in the Civil War, many more were maimed. This presented quite a challenge in rebuilding the South after the Civil War. How did Southern states finance their improvements? Increasing taxes, which only slowed recovery even further.

5. Identify differences among members of the Republican Party in the South What were carpetbaggers and scalawags? Carpetbaggers were Northerners who came south after the war looking to buy land cheap and take advantage of the South’s hardships for their own profit. Scalawags were southerner’s who supported and assisted Radical Reconstruction, viewed by their neighbors as traitors to the South. What were the differences among Southern Republicans? Their commitment to civil rights for the former slaver, many Southern Republicans left the party and joined the Southern Democrats that eventually instituted the Doctrine of Segregation.

6. Describe efforts of former slaves to improve their lives What freedoms were new for former slaves? Traveling freely, many moved to the Southern Cities to find work. Voting Holding Political Office Seeking an education Why were so many African-American families separated? To break their spirit and keep them from thinking of freedom and running away. How did churches and volunteer groups assist former slaves? They provided financial and emotional support, they started schools, and formed community organizations. How did Reconstruction bring African Americans into politics? By allowing the right to Vote, which translated into African Americans holding political offices at the local, state, and national levels.

7. Analyze changes in the Southern economy Why was land important to freed slaves? Agriculture was all that many former slaves new, without land they were forced to become sharecroppers and tenant farmers for the same people who had owned them previously. Why did planters need the help of freed slaves? They needed labor for their farms, without the freed slaves they could not develop their land and make money. What economic arrangements resulted from planters lacking cash? Many freed slaves became tenant farmers and sharecroppers How did falling cotton prices lead to economic diversification? Textile mills began to pop up in the South as well as a new Tobacco-product industry (mass production of cigarettes and chewing tobacco).

8. Summarize violent actions by opponents of Reconstruction What were the goals and practices of the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction? Their goal was to return the Southern Democratic Party to political power in the South. They attacked prominent African Americans, Southern Republicans, and any whites who aided the Black community by renting land, purchasing crops, or opening schools. Between 1865 and 1877 thousands of men, women, and children were killed (including the assassination of John Stephens, a white Republican Senator) What forms of economic pressure were used by opponents of Reconstruction? Many whites refused to hire or do business with any African Americans who voted the Radical Ticket, without a secret ballot that was public information. What was the legislative response to violence in the South? Congress passed the Enforcement Acts, aimed at using federal troops to curtail the violence of the Ku Klux Klan and Southern Democratic Party.

9. Identify political and economic reasons for the shift of power from the Southern Republicans to the Southern Democrats What weakened the power of the Republican Party? The scandal and corruption of the Grant Administration. Why did Republican Reformers back Horace Greeley in the election of 1872? They saw him as a means to get Grant out of office, they were even joined by the Democrat Party which also nominated Greeley for President in 1872. How did the Panic of 1873 affect the nation? 3 Million workers became unemployed, the stock market collapsed, businesses failed. Why did people want to return to a gold standard? It would lessen the amount of money in circulation, which economists believed would increase the value of money and drive prices on goods down. Farmers of the South and West supported a monetary policy based on “Easy Money” which would depart from the Gold Standard by printing more paper money and coining silver.

10. Identify reasons for the collapse of Congressional Reconstruction. How did the Supreme Court undermine support for Reconstruction? The Slaughterhouse Cases stated that the 14th Amendment only applied to Federal Rights (interstate travel, protection on the high seas, etc.) U.S. v. Cruikshank stated that the Federal Government could not punish individual whites that oppressed African Americans. U.S. v. Reese stated that the 15th Amendment only stated that the right to vote could not be denied on the basis of race, it could still be denied on other grounds (literacy tests and poll taxes) How did economic concerns undermine support for Reconstruction? Northerners simply became more concerned with the effects of the Panic of 1873 and the economic cooperation between North and South than they were about the civil rights of African Americans.

11. Explain the achievements and failures of Reconstruction How did Reconstruction come to an end? Federal Troops were removed from the South as the result of the “Compromise of 1877” and the “Old South” returned to business as usual. How did Hayes get elected President even though he lost the popular vote? He gained enough support in the House of Representatives to get placed in office, mainly due to his promise to remove federal troops and end Radical Reconstruction. What happened to Northern support for Reconstruction? They were simply not interested anymore, the Panic of 1873 and the scandal of the Grant Administration had worn down Northern commitment to Reconstruction. What is the legacy of Reconstruction? Reunification of the Nation A short period of Civil Rights for African Americans Foundation for Civil Rights was laid (13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments were ratified.