Gender Stratification unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women Macionis, Sociology, Chapter Thirteen

Gender and Inequality Gender is the personal traits and social positions members of a society attach to being female and male (remember from Chapter 8) At all levels in the class system, women have: Less income Less wealth Less education, and Less power than men

Biological & Socialization Differences Mathematical Skills Verbal Skills

Impact of career choices & gender on pay

Social Stratification 60% of all women work and 72% of working women work full-time Women hold primary responsibility for housework and parenting – the “second shift” On average, women earn 78 cents for every dollar earned by men. Some work defined as “men’s work” “Pink-collar” jobs are at the lower end of the pay scale

Education, Politics & Military Gender and education In 2007 women earned 59% of all associate and bachelor degrees, 61% of master’s degrees and 50% of doctorates. Politics Nineteenth Amendment (1920) Women active in local, state politics Military 14% of US military personnel are women, including deployed troops. Culture influences views of women in the military.

Intersection Theory Why? The interplay of race, class, and gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage. All women earn less than all groups of men $31,223 vs. $40,798 Black ($27,730) and Hispanic ($23,444) women earn significantly less than white women ($32,486) Why?

Violence Against Women Most often at home “Rule of thumb” 150 years ago Sexual assaults, rapes, attempted rapes, and physical assaults Campus and university gender violence Wolf whistles and pinch to physical assaults “rape culture” Female genital mutilation

Sexual Harassment Comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated and unwelcome Causes of sexual harassment Culture encourages men to be sexually assertive and perceive women in sexual terms Most people in positions of power are men

Types of Feminism Liberal feminism Socialist feminism Radical feminism Free to develop own talents and interests - individualistic Socialist feminism Pursue collective (male and female) personal liberation Radical feminism Eliminate idea of gender Egalitarian, gender-free revolution

Opposition to Feminism Threat to male status and self-respect Growing body of evidence that men and women think and act in different ways Note: Sheri does not think this goes against feminism (think Liberal) How should women improve social standing? Individual abilities or collective rights

“Great Spirit, help me never to judge another until I have walked in his moccasins for two weeks.” - Sioux Indian prayer