1. Society: the basics CHAPTER Eleventh Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender Stratification 10 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: - Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; - Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; - Any rental, lease or lending of the program.

2. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender Stratification How is gender a creation of society? What differences does gender make in people’s lives? Why is gender an important dimension of social stratification?

3. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and Inequality Gender –Refers to the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male –Gender is a dimension of social organization –Gender involves a hierarchy Gender Stratification –The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women

4. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Male-Female Differences Why do we need to be careful not to think of social differences in biological terms only?

5. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Male-Female Differences 1848 –People assumed women did not have intelligence or interests in politics –Reflected cultural patterns of that time and place –Most of the differences between men and women are socially created

6. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Male-Female Differences Women outperform men in the game of life –Men’s life expectancy – 75.1 years –Women’s life expectancy – 80.2 years

7. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis

8. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender in Global Perspective Three important studies highlighted “masculine” and “feminine” differences The Israeli Kibbutz –Gender equality is one of its stated goals –Achieved remarkable social equality  Evidence that culture defines what is feminine and what is masculine

9. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender in Global Perspective Do you think we should strive to raise boys and girls the same in our society? Why or why not?

10. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender in Global Perspective Margaret Mead’s Research –If gender is based on biological differences, people everywhere should define “feminine” and “masculine” the same –Studied three societies in New Guinea  Arapesh, Mundugumor, and Tchambuli

11. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender in Global Perspective Margaret Mead’s Research (continued) –Concluded that culture is the key to gender distinction  What one society defines as masculine another might consider feminine –Mead’s findings described as “too neat”  Saw the patterns she was looking for  “Reversal hypothesis”

12. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender in Global Perspective George Murdock’s Research –Broad study of 200 preindustrial societies –Found global agreement on feminine and masculine tasks –Simple technology  Assigned roles reflecting the physical characteristics of men and women

13. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender in Global Perspective By comparing many cultures, what do we learn about the origin of gender differences?

14. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender in Global Perspective CRITICAL REVIEW –Global comparisons show that societies do not consistently define tasks as feminine and masculine –Industrialization  Muscle-power declines  Reduces gender differences

15. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender in Global Perspective CRITICAL REVIEW (continued) –Gender is too variable to be a simple expression of biology –What it means to be female and male is mostly a creation of society

16. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Patriarchy and Sexism Matriarchy (“Rule of Mothers”) –A form of social organization in which females dominate males  Rarely documented in human history Patriarchy (“Rule of Fathers”) –A form of social organization in which males dominate females  Pattern found almost everywhere in the world

17. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Patriarchy and Sexism Sexism –The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other –Justification for patriarchy How does the United States rank in relation to other countries throughout the world as it relates to gender equality?

18. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Patriarchy and Sexism What are the costs of sexism for both men and women? –Limits the talents and ambitions of half the human population – women –Masculinity in U.S. culture encourages men to engage in high-risk behaviors –Masculinity is linked to:  Accidents, suicide, violence, and stress-related diseases

19. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Patriarchy and Sexism What are the costs of sexism for both men and women? (continued) –Are men or women most likely to develop a Type A personality?  Cause of heart disease and almost a perfect match with behavior U.S. culture considers masculine –As men seek control, they lose opportunities for intimacy and trust

20. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Patriarchy and Sexism Does patriarchy need to go on? In other words, do societies around the world, including the U.S., need to stay prisoners of the past? –In preindustrial societies women have little control over their lives –Industrialization provides choices on how to live

21. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Patriarchy and Sexism Does patriarchy need to go on? In other words, do societies around the world, including the U.S., need to stay prisoners of the past? (continued) –Some researchers claim  Biological factors “wire” the sexes with different motivations and behaviors, especially aggression –Most sociologists believe  Gender is socially constructed and can be changed

22. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

23. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and Socialization Gender shapes human feelings, thoughts, and actions Children learn quickly how society defines male and female by age 3 Gender roles (sex roles) –Attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex –Men expected to be leaders and women expected to be supportive

24. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and the Family Did you grow up in a home in which females and males had different jobs and responsibilities? Example: were chores assigned differently? How did this experience influence your view of gender? “Is it a boy or a girl?” –Important because answer involves not only sex but the likely direction of a child’s life

25. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and the Family Welcome of infants into the world –Pink for girls; blue for boys Female world revolves around cooperation and emotion Male world puts a premium on independence and action

26. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and the Peer Group How did your peers influence your view of gender? Research demonstrates that young children tend to form single-sex play groups

27. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and the Peer Group Peer groups teach additional lessons about gender –Male games reinforce masculine traits of aggression and control –Female peer groups encourage interpersonal skills of communication and cooperation

28. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and Schooling What is your declared major? Based on the classes you have taken, what share of the students in this major are female and what share are male? Gender shapes interests and beliefs about abilities, guiding areas of study, and career choices

29. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and Schooling Women are now the majority (57%) of students on college campuses –Now represented in many fields of study that once excluded them Men still predominate in many fields –Engineering, physics, and philosophy Women cluster in the fine arts –Social sciences

30. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and the Mass Media How has the mass media influenced your view of gender? How are men and women portrayed differently on television? What about in advertising? Provide examples. Men hold center stage in television Historically, ads show women at home

31. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and the Mass Media Study of gender in advertising revealed that men usually appear taller than women implying male superiority Women are more frequently portrayed lying down appearing sexual and submissive

32. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and the Mass Media Advertising perpetuates the “beauty myth” –Society teaches women to measure their worth in terms of physical appearance

33. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and Social Stratification Gender involves more than how people think or act It is about social hierarchy

34. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Working Women and Men 60% of women in the work force; 75% work full-time Factors that have changed the U.S. labor force –Decline of farming –Growth of cities –Shrinking family size –Rising divorce rate

35. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Working Women and Men More than half of all married couples depend on two incomes

36. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and Occupations U.S. Department of Labor –High concentration of women in two types of jobs  Administrative work (“pink-collar jobs”)  Service work (food, child care, and health care) –Men dominate most other job categories Gender stratification in everyday life is easy to see

37. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and Occupations Women are kept out of certain jobs by defining some kinds of work as “masculine” Fewer women higher in the corporate world Do you believe that a woman could be an effective CEO of a company? Why or why not?

38. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

39. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and Occupations In our society, how are women kept out of certain jobs? Challenge to male domination in the workplace –Women who are entrepreneurs –Women can make opportunities for themselves apart from large, male-dominated companies

40. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender, Income, and Wealth Women earn 77 cents for every dollar earned by men Differences are greater among older workers –Older working women have typically have less education and seniority

41. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender, Income, and Wealth What are the reasons given as to why women earn less than men? –Still think of less-important jobs as “women’s work” Supporters of gender equality –Propose a policy of “comparable worth”

42. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender, Income, and Wealth Second cause of gender-based income inequality –Society’s view of family –U.S. culture gives more of the responsibility of parenting to women –Pregnancy and raising small children keep many young women out of the labor force

43. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender, Income, and Wealth Third factor is discrimination against women –Because it is illegal, it is practiced in subtle ways –Glass ceiling prevents many women from rising above middle management

44. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender, Income, and Wealth Why do many people think women own most of the country’s wealth? –Perhaps because they typically outlive men Government statistics say differently –57% of people with assets of $1.5 million or more are men –Forbes: 10% of the richest people in the U.S. are women

45. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Housework: Women’s “Second Shift” How does housework present a cultural contradiction in the U.S.? –Essential for family life –Little rewards for doing it In U.S. and around the world –Care of home and children are “women’s work”

46. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Housework: Women’s “Second Shift” Labor force reduced the amount of housework, but the share done by women remains the same

47. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

48. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and Education By 1980, women earned majority of associate and bachelor’s degrees Differences in men’s and women’s majors are becoming smaller 1992 is the first time that women earned a majority of postgraduate degrees Men still dominate some professional fields

49. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and Education U.S. society still defines high-paying professions as masculine –When do you believe parity will occur?

50. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and Politics Nineteenth Amendment –Right to vote for women Thousands of women hold jobs in the federal government Change is slower at the highest levels of power

51. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

52. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and Politics Women make up half of the world’s population –Hold just 19% of seats in the world’s 187 parliaments Do you believe that the U.S. should have laws that require at least 25 percent of candidates for elected office to be women?

53. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

54. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and the Military Do you believe that women should be allowed to serve in combat roles in the military? Why or why not?

55. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and the Military Women make up a growing share of the U.S. military –All military assignments are open to women –Objection: Women lack the physical strength of men –U.S. has a deeply held view of women as “nurturers” –Military women are better educated and score higher on intelligence tests than military men

56. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender and the Military How has technology influenced the way that women are integrated in today’s military?

57. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Are Women a Minority? Minority –Any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates Economic disadvantage of being a woman –Women are a minority although they outnumber men

58. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Are Women a Minority? White women do no think of themselves in this way –Unlike racial minorities and ethnic minorities –Well-represented at all levels of the class structure

59. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Are Women a Minority? At every class level –Women typically have less  Income  Wealth  Education  Power

60. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Are Women a Minority? Patriarchy makes women depend on men for social standing –First their fathers –Then their husbands

61. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Minority Women: Intersection Theory If women are defined as a minority, what about minority women? Are they doubly handicapped? Intersection theory –The interplay of race, class, and gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage

62. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Minority Women: Intersection Theory Disadvantages linked to race and gender combine to produce low social standing Differences in pay structure reflect minority women’s lower positions in the occupational and educational hierarchies Gender does not operate alone

63. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Violence Against Women In the 19 th century –Men claimed the right to rule their households –Great deal of “manly” violence is still directed against women Gender violence is an issue on college and university campuses

64. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Violence Against Women Gender-linked violence occurs where men and women interact most –In the home –Family is the most violent institution in the U.S.; women suffer most injuries Also occurs in casual relationships –Most rapes involve men known and trusted by their victims

65. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Violence Against Women Can you give examples to show how the tendency toward sexual violence is built into our way of life? –All forms of violence against women express a “rape culture”

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67. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Violence Against Men 80% of cases in which police make and arrest for a violent crime, the offender is male 54% of all victims of violent crime are men How may the tendency to define masculinity in terms of aggression and violence be contributing to the high crime rate in the U.S.? Is violence built into our way of life? Explain.

68. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Violence Against Men Men’s lives involve more stress and isolation than women’s lives

69. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Sexual Harassment Refers to comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome Why are most victims of sexual harassment? –Our culture encourages men to be sexually assertive and see women in sexual terms –Most people in positions of power are men who oversee the work of women

70. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment is sometimes obvious and direct Have you ever known a person who has been a victim of sexual harassment? How were their lives impacted by such treatment? When people experience harassment, what are there options?

71. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Sexual Harassment Quid pro quo sexual harassment –One thing in return for another –Violation of civil rights More often, problem of unwelcome sexual attention is subtle Based on the effect standard, actions add up to a hostile environment –Complex because they involve different perceptions of the same behavior

72. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Pornography Sexually explicit material that causes sexual arousal The internet has made pornography more accessible; do you think it has become more socially acceptable?

73. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Pornography Different views on what is or is not pornographic –Law gives communities the power to define “standards of decency” Traditionally, concerns about pornography are a moral issue –Plays a part in gender stratification –Power issue because it dehumanizes women

74. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Pornography Do you believe that pornography encourages violence against women? If so, should pornography be banned in the U.S.? –Portrays them as weak and undeserving of respect –Half of American adults think pornography encourages rape

75. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Pornography Do you believe that pornography encourages violence against women? If so, should pornography be banned in the U.S.? (continued) –Still, people defend the rights of free speech and artistic expression –Pressure to restrict pornography has increased –Weakens morality and is demeaning and threatening to women

76. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis

77. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Structural-Functional Approach Views society as a complex system of many separate but integrated parts What function(s) does gender perform for society? Over the centuries, sex-based division of labor became institutionalized and taken for granted Industrial technology opens up much greater range of cultural possibilities

78. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Structural-Functional Approach Ability to control reproduction gives women greater choices about how to live Modern societies relax traditional gender roles –Societies became more meritocratic –Rigid roles waste human talent Change is slow because gender is deeply rooted in culture

79. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Structural-Functional Approach Talcott Parsons: Gender and complementarity –Gender forms a complementary set of roles  Links women and men into family units  Gives each sex responsibility for carrying out important tasks

80. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Structural-Functional Approach Talcott Parsons: Gender and complementarity (continued) –Gender plays an important part in socialization  What is the difference between expressive and instrumental traits? How does our society define a man who displays expressive traits? What about a woman who displays instrumental traits? –Gender integrates society both structurally and morally

81. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Structural-Functional Approach Why has the structural-functional approach lost most of its influence? CRITICAL REVIEW –Functionalism assumes a singular vision of society that is not shared by everyone –Parson’s analysis ignores the personal strains and social costs of rigid gender roles –In the eyes of those seeking sexual equality  Gender complementarity amounts to little more than women submitting to male domination

82. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Symbolic-Interaction Analysis Micro-level focusing on face-to-face interaction in everyday life. Based on your observations, do you think women make more eye contact than men do? What other gender-related patterns have you noticed? CRITICAL REVIEW –Says little about the broad patterns of inequality.

83. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Social-Conflict Analysis Gender involves differences not just in behavior but in power as well Similarity between how traditional ideas about gender benefit men and the oppression of racial and ethnic minorities benefits whites Conventional ideas about gender create division and tension

84. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Social-Conflict Analysis Do you believe it would be best for our society to eliminate the concept of gender? Explain.

85. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Structural-Functional Approach According to Engles, how does gender support social inequality in a capitalist class system? –Capitalism intensifies male domination  Creates more wealth, which give greater power to men as earners and owners of property –An expanding capitalist economy depends on turning people into consumers

86. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Structural-Functional Approach According to Engles, how does gender support social inequality in a capitalist class system? (continued) –Society assigns women the task of maintaining the home to allow men to work in factories –Double exploitation of capitalism  Pay men low wages for labor  Pay women no wages at all

87. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Structural-Functional Approach CRITICAL REVIEW –Sees conventional families supported by traditionalists as morally good  A social evil –Social-conflict analysis minimizes the extent to which women and men live together cooperatively and often happily –Claim that capitalism is the root of gender stratification

88. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis

89. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Feminism The advocacy of social equality for women and men, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism “First wave” of American feminist movement in the 1840s –Main objective was obtaining the right to vote “Second wave” of feminism arose in the 1960s –Continues today

90. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Basic Feminist Ideas 1.Working to increase equality 2.Expanding human choice 3.Eliminating gender stratification 4.Ending sexual violence 5.Promoting sexual freedom

91. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

92. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Types of Feminism Liberal Feminism –Individuals should be free to develop their own talents and pursue their own interests Socialist Feminism –Capitalism increases patriarchy by concentrating wealth and power in the hands of a small number of men

93. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Types of Feminism Radical Feminism –Believe that patriarchy is so firmly entrenched that even a socialist revolution would not end it

94. Applying Theory (p. 292) Society: The Basics, 10 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2009 by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

95. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Why is feminism controversial? Controversial because it calls for significant change Provokes criticism and resistance from both men and women who hold conventional ideas about gender Men socialized to value strength and dominance feel uneasy about feminist ideals of men as gentle and warm

96. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Why is feminism controversial? African Americans, especially women, express the greatest support of feminist goals Resistance found in academic circles Feminism undervalues the crucial and unique contribution women make to the development of children

97. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Why is feminism controversial? Most opposition to feminism is directed toward its socialist and radical forms –Support for liberal feminism is widespread Do you think women should get ahead primarily through individual effort or by collective action? Explain.

98. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis

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100. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender: Looking Ahead Sociologists can offer only general observations about the likely future of gender and society Today’s economy depends a great deal on the earnings of women Industrialization and advances in computer technology have shifted the nature of work

101. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender: Looking Ahead Birth-control technology has given us greater control over reproduction –Women’s lives are less constrained by unwanted pregnancies Many women and men have deliberately pursued social equality Greater social changes as more women assume power in corporations and politics

102. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Gender: Looking Ahead Despite real change, gender continues to involve controversy Do you think that men and women will enjoy equal rights and opportunities in the future?