1. Ch. 8- Sex and Gender What is the difference? What is the difference? Sex- biological, primary and secondary sex characteristics Sex- biological, primary and secondary sex characteristics Gender- social characteristics, masculine vs. feminine Gender- social characteristics, masculine vs. feminine

2. Gender differences in behavior Gender differences in behavior Biology vs. culture? Biology vs. culture? Standards of beauty defined by culture Standards of beauty defined by culture 2 view points- differences come from… 2 view points- differences come from… Culture- socialization, learned, gender discrimination Culture- socialization, learned, gender discrimination Biology- socialization reflects inborn tendencies, patriarchies vs. matriarchies Biology- socialization reflects inborn tendencies, patriarchies vs. matriarchies Sociological viewpoint- social factors cause gender differences in behavior; physical differences lead to separation of groups Sociological viewpoint- social factors cause gender differences in behavior; physical differences lead to separation of groups

3. Biological viewpoint Biological viewpoint A medical accident- 1963 A medical accident- 1963 Baby twin boys, circumcision gone bad Baby twin boys, circumcision gone bad Social factors viewpoint Social factors viewpoint Vietnam veterans study Vietnam veterans study Men w/ higher levels of testosterone were more aggressive Men w/ higher levels of testosterone were more aggressive Social class differences Social class differences

4. Gender stratification Different access to privileges Different access to privileges Unequal access to power/prestige Unequal access to power/prestige Society controls members Society controls members Gender inequality Gender inequality Men- active/strong; Women- passive/weak Men- active/strong; Women- passive/weak Masculine stereotype- instrumental Masculine stereotype- instrumental Feminine stereotype- expressive Feminine stereotype- expressive Study of married couples Study of married couples

5. Sexism Prejudice based on a person’s sexual category Prejudice based on a person’s sexual category Women as a minority group Women as a minority group Based on gender Based on gender Ascribed status Ascribed status Socialization- dependence Socialization- dependence Work roles/household roles Work roles/household roles Non- Caucasian females Non- Caucasian females

6. Origin of women as a minority group Origin of women as a minority group Patriarchy vs. matriarchy Patriarchy vs. matriarchy Social consequences of biology Social consequences of biology Hunting and gathering societies Hunting and gathering societies Struggle for equal rights Struggle for equal rights Second class citizens Second class citizens Husband and wife one person- him Husband and wife one person- him Rise of feminism: belief that women should be politically, economically, and socially equal to men Rise of feminism: belief that women should be politically, economically, and socially equal to men

7. Suffrage movement Suffrage movement Right to vote, 19 th amendment Right to vote, 19 th amendment WWII – shortage of workers WWII – shortage of workers Women left the home Women left the home Continued gender inequality Continued gender inequality Coronary bypass surgery- women vs. men Coronary bypass surgery- women vs. men

8. Struggle for equality in recent decades Struggle for equality in recent decades Affirmative action Affirmative action Title IX of Educ. Amendments in 1972 Title IX of Educ. Amendments in 1972 Family and Medical Leave Act Family and Medical Leave Act Former Pres. Clinton Former Pres. Clinton Sexual Harassment Legislation Sexual Harassment Legislation Breast Cancer Research Breast Cancer Research Movies show women in non-stereotypical roles Movies show women in non-stereotypical roles Church of England Church of England

9. Sex typing- the assoc. of behaviors w/ one sex or the other Sex typing- the assoc. of behaviors w/ one sex or the other Male vs. female activities Male vs. female activities Varies by culture Varies by culture Prestige given to male activities Prestige given to male activities Education- 2/3 of illiterate adults are women Education- 2/3 of illiterate adults are women Gap between men and women (closing) Gap between men and women (closing) Professional degrees Professional degrees Gender tracking- male/female distinctions w/ in degrees Gender tracking- male/female distinctions w/ in degrees

10. Politics- unequal access to national decision making Politics- unequal access to national decision making Gender inequality in sports Gender inequality in sports Title IX Title IX WNBA, WPFL WNBA, WPFL Media coverage lacking Media coverage lacking Gender inequality in everyday life Gender inequality in everyday life General devaluation of femininity in U.S. General devaluation of femininity in U.S. Femininity= lack of accomplishment Femininity= lack of accomplishment Inequality in conversation Inequality in conversation

11. Gender inequality in the workplace Gender inequality in the workplace The Pay Gap- women average less than men in every nation The Pay Gap- women average less than men in every nation U.S.- women earn about 65% of what men earn (it’s actually gone down!) U.S.- women earn about 65% of what men earn (it’s actually gone down!) All levels of education All levels of education Due to job choice and discrimination Due to job choice and discrimination Occupational segregation Occupational segregation

12. The Glass Ceiling- barrier that keeps people from rising past a certain point The Glass Ceiling- barrier that keeps people from rising past a certain point Women in support positions Women in support positions Crack glass ceiling Crack glass ceiling The Glass Escalator- men in traditionally female occupations accelerated into higher level positions, paid more The Glass Escalator- men in traditionally female occupations accelerated into higher level positions, paid more The Mommy Track The Mommy Track Mommy track vs. fast track Mommy track vs. fast track Daddy track? Daddy track?

13. Violence against women China, Europe, India China, Europe, India Female infanticide Female infanticide Female circumcision- Africa, Malaysia Female circumcision- Africa, Malaysia Gender inequality of violence Gender inequality of violence Forcible rape vs. date rape Forcible rape vs. date rape Murder Murder Violence in the home- spouse battering, marital rape, incest Violence in the home- spouse battering, marital rape, incest

14. Sexual harassment- abuse of one’s position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone Sexual harassment- abuse of one’s position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone Quid pro quo Quid pro quo Hostile environment Hostile environment Blatant sex discrimination Blatant sex discrimination Subtle sex discrimination Subtle sex discrimination Covert sex discrimination Covert sex discrimination

15. Women in the criminal justice system Women in the criminal justice system Judges more lenient w/ women killers Judges more lenient w/ women killers Minority women and traditional cultures Minority women and traditional cultures Dependence, poverty Dependence, poverty Connection between violence and masculinity must be broken Connection between violence and masculinity must be broken