1. Women and Minority Status
First - women experience unequal treatment
Second - women are distinguished from men on the basis of physical and cultural traits
Third - membership is involuntary an ascribed status

2. Women and Minority Status
Fourth - feminism and the emergence of group solidarity
Fifth - subordination is often defined within marriage
Sexism - ideology that systematically provides the justification for oppression on the basis of one’s sex

3. Gender Roles
Gender roles – expectations associated with male and female
Socialization and gender
Animal studies and gender
Cross-cultural studies and gender

4. Sociological Perspective
Gender is maintained through socialization in society
Functionalist perspective and gender differentiation
Complementary roles
Societal stability
Conflict perspective – gender differentiation a function of power and patriarchy

5. Feminist Movement
Emerged during the early part of the nineteenth century
Evolved out of the oppression of women and children within the colonial family and society
Role of women in the abolitionist movement and its influence on the development of the women’s movement

6. Feminist Movement
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott and Seneca Falls women’s rights convention of 1848
Suffrage Movement and the right to vote
Nineteenth Amendment

7. Women’s Liberation Movement
Role of the civil rights movement and the re-emergence of feminism
Sexism in the civil rights movement
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Equal Rights Amendment
Betty Friedan - Feminine Mystique and the founding of National Organization for Women
Feminists continue to discuss and debate concerns such as the limits businesses put on careers of women with children, domestic violence, and male bias in medical research

8. The Economic Picture Occupational segregation of women
Women are concentrated in low paying occupations
Increase in female labor force participation over the last century
Sexism in employment

10. Occupational Segregation and Discrimination
Sources of discrimination
Primary cause is segregating influences in the labor market
The social and occupational roles of men and women have become segregated
Ideologically
Physically
Socially
Ideological devaluation of the occupational roles of women

11. Occupational Segregation and Discrimination
Women are paid less for what they do than for what men do (Pay Gap)
Comparable worth and pay equity
Comparable - dissimilar jobs of equal value should be paid the same
Upgrading the income of female typed work

12. Occupational Segregation and Discrimination
Glass ceilings and barriers to upward mobility
Glass walls and barriers to upward mobility
The mommy track…and sexism
The daddy penalty…married men being paid less

13. Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment defined - unwanted and unwelcome sexual advances that affects one’s ability to perform their job
Sociocultural theory of sexual harassment - rooted within patriarchy and male dominance

14. Sexual Harassment
Power theory of sexual harassment - rooted within the distribution of power within organizations
Function of the difference in power relations

15. Feminization of Poverty
Poverty and women
Increase in the number of female headed households
Increase in divorce and the displaced homemaker
Declining alimony and the lack of child support
Lack of family friendly Federal policies

16. Education Sex-segregated classrooms (structure and tracking by gender)
Discrimination in admissions and financial aid by sex
Increase in the number female faculty on campuses
Equal access to educational resources
Title IX

17. Family Life Child Care and housework
Seventy-two percent of care givers are women
Arlie Hochschild’s study – the Double Shift (the second shift)
Work and family roles
Mommy tax

19. Abortion Women’s Right to Choice and the anti-abortion movement
Roe v. Wade
Social class issues and abortion
Abortion issue centers on the distribution of power and the (control) over the roles and rights of men and women in society
It underlies the larger issue of gender inequality
In the early 1990s there was an escalation of violent antiabortion protests

20. Political Activity Women constitute 53% of the voting population
Under-represented in National political offices
More representation on Local and State level
Lack of representatives is a function of a number of factors.
1. Fewer women in business and law– the grooming ground for a political career.
2. Fewer women in political organizations and decision making.
3. Some women may feel that a political career may interfere with family responsibilities.
Double Jeopardy: Minority Women
Subordinate status twice