INFORMATION VISUAL – “ICONIC” AUDITORY – “ECHOIC” SENSORY MEMORY VERY LARGE CAPACITY INFO STAYS FOR.5 – 2 SECONDS MOST PEOPLE HOLD 3 -5 ITEMS (SPERLING’S.

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Presentation transcript:

INFORMATION VISUAL – “ICONIC” AUDITORY – “ECHOIC” SENSORY MEMORY VERY LARGE CAPACITY INFO STAYS FOR.5 – 2 SECONDS MOST PEOPLE HOLD 3 -5 ITEMS (SPERLING’S EXPERIMENT) FORGETTING TOO MUCH INFO NO ATTENTION TO INFO INFO THAT WE PAY ATTENTION TO SHORT TERM (WORKING) MEMORY CAPACITY IN VISUAL SERIES VARIES: 3-5 MOST CAN RETAIN 7 50% CAN RETAIN 9-11 VERY FEW CAN RETAIN (GEORGE MILLER RULE = 7 +/- 2) CAPACITY FOR “CHUNKS” (MEANINGFUL UNITS) IS AROUND 7 HOLDS INFO FOR 15 – 20 SECONDS (ROTE REHEARSAL ALLOWS INFO TO STAY LONGER IN SHORT TERM) FORGETTING

SHORT TERM MEMORY ELABORATE REHEARSAL RETRIEVAL ROTE (MAINTENANCE) REHEARSAL LONG TERM MEMORY UNLIMITED CAPACITY? UNLIMITED DURATION? TYPES OF LONG TERM MEMORY: PROCEDURAL (SKILLS) DECLARATIVE EPISODIC DETAILED MEMORY OF EVENTS AND SITUATIONS IN ORDER SEMANTIC IDEAS, RULES, WORDS, CONCEPTS FORGETTING???

RECALL - RETRIEVAL OF PREVIOUSLY PRESENTED INFORMATION - JEOPARDY – QUESTION/ANSWER RECOGNITION - RECOGNITION OF THE CORRECT INFORMATION FROM A SET - WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONAIRE

STATE-DEPENDENT LEARNING AND RETRIEVAL - INFORMATION LEARNED WHILE A PERSON IS IN A PARTICULAR STATE IS RECALLED MOST ACCURATELY WHEN THE PERSON IS AGAIN IN THAT STATE

FLASHBULB MEMORY - THEORY THAT THERE IS A SPECIAL TYPE OF MEMORY FOR EVENTS THAT HAVE A CRITICAL LEVEL OF EMOTIONAL IMPACT - RESEARCH SHOWS THAT “FLASHBULB MEMORIES” ARE NOT PERFECTLY ACCURATE AND CHANGE OVER TIME

FORGETTING CURVE - 1 ST 20 MINUTES MOST LOSE 50% OF INFORMATION LEARNED - INCREMENTS OF MEMORY LOSS FOLLOWING THIS IS A SLOW PROCESS (“FORGETTING CURVE”)

MEMORIES ARE USUALLY CONSTRUCTED (MEMORY = RECONSTRUCTION OF INFORMATION NOT REPLAY) - LEVELING – SHORTENING AND SIMPLIFICATION OF DETAILS -SHARPENING – FOCUSING OR EMPHASIZING CERTAIN DETAILS - ASSIMILATION – MAKING STORIES THAT FIT OUR OWN SETS OF VIEWS OF THE WORLD

“SINS OF MEMORY” - NEGATIVE AFFECTS ON BOTH SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM MEMORY DECAY -LOSS OF INFORMATION AS A RESULT OF DISUSE AND PASSAGE OF TIME

INTERFERENCE -SUPPRESSION OF ONE BIT OF INFORMATION BY ANOTHER o PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE – DECREASE IN ACCURATE RECALL OF INFORMATION AS A RESULT OF PREVIOUSLY LEARNED INFORMATION o RETROACTIVE INFORMATION – DECREASE IN ACCURATE RECALL OF INFORMATION AS A RESULT OF SUBSEQUENT PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION

MOTIVATED FORGETTING FRIGHTENING AND/OR TRAUMATIC EVENTS MIGHT BE FORGOTTEN DONE THROUGH THE PROCESS OF REPRESSION

EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY * MISINFORMATION EFFECT - SOME EYEWITNESSES CAN BE INFLUENCED BY THE WORDING OF THE QUESTIONING * MEMORY ENHANCEMENT - PEOPLE CAN TAKE HAZY MEMORIES AND FIT THEM INTO A COHERENT PATTERN THAT SEEMS REALISTIC AND LIKELY - CONFIDENCE USUALLY GROWS WHEN ONE IS WRONG