Chapter 19 Section 4, Chapter 20 Sections 1 & 2 – England Unit 8 Chapter 19 Section 4, Chapter 20 Sections 1 & 2 – England Absolute Monarchs

Tudors Came into power in late 1400’s Started centralizing monarchy’s power Tudors become ruling family after winning the ‘War of the Roses’ defeating the Lancaster's Henry VII –First king - 1485-1509 Made England stable and prosperous Henry VIII – 1509-1547 Established new religion – Anglican Church Edward VI – 1547-1553 Never married, Named Lady Jane Grey as heir. Privy Council had her removed 9 days in Was later executed, age 16. Mary I – 1553

Tudors Mary I – 1553 - 1558 Dies in 1558, Philip II? Devoted Catholic Daughter of Catherine of Aragon Henry VIII’s first wife, Catholic Relative of Charles V of Spain Protestants outraged when she married Philip II of Spain Tried to destroy the Anglican Church Had more than 300 people burned at stake, started rebellion Gains nick name “Bloody Mary” Ultimately failed to destroy Protestantism in England Dies in 1558, Philip II?

Elizabeth I Was Mary I’s half sister Protestant Was a good politician Mother was Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII’s 2nd wife. Protestant Was a good politician Never married, had no children Mary Queen of Scots – Next in line to Rule Closest heir (relative) Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland, and a Catholic Came to England in 1568 to escape problems in Scotland, and was put in prison by Elizabeth Plotted with Philip II to kill Elizabeth Elizabeth had Mary be-headed

Elizabeth I Philip II angry Mary I Elizabeth declines proposal Thought he should be king Elizabeth declines proposal Mary Stuart Head Chopped off planning plot English concerned with Netherlands Revolt Queen Elizabeth feared an invasion if Philip won Supported the Dutch

Philip Attacks England English - Undeclared war on Spain Seadogs - Francis Drake - Stole lots of Spanish treasure Philip wanted him punished, Liz makes him a knight Philip gets angrier. Plans invasion of England

Philip Attacks England 1588 - Assembled the Armada to invade England 130 armed vessels, 19,000 soldiers sent to English Channel. English fleet is smaller and swifter Better long range cannons. forced the Armada into the North Sea. Caught in storms.... Destroyed what was left of them. Protestant Winds

Results Gave England confidence Ended threat of the Spanish Armada Allowed other countries to start to explore the Americas. Spain suffered a defeat but still had great wealth (colonial interests) to retain some power in the region

Religion & Parliament Elizabeth still had 2 main problems 1 - Religion Puritans – Didn’t think Henry VIII went far enough in removing Catholic traditions from the church Wanted England united under one religion Persecuted all other religions Had to pay fines Elizabeth refused to change the church any more Relatively tolerant 2 – Parliament Made of representatives from all over the country

Religion & Parliament 1530’s Parliament starts to become more powerful Most people viewed Parliament as a check to the monarchy’s power. Made of 2 houses…. House of Lords – Nobles and Clergy House of Commons – Gentry and Burgesses Gentry – landowners, position but no title, no inheritance Burgesses – merchants & professionals

Religion & Parliament Elizabeth I handled Parliament well Consulted them, gave appearance of taking their advice Usually got what she wanted from them When Elizabeth dies - 1603 Left no heir James Stuart – nearest relative, son of Mary Stuart Already King James VI of Scotland Became James I King of England – 1603 England and Scotland did not unite until 1707 Still have same ruler

James I A Stuart, not a Tudor Intelligent but lacked common sense with money and diplomacy Believed in idea of Divine Right – puts him at odds with Parliament Big supporter of the Anglican Church Puts him at odds with Puritans who still want change. Did agree to new translation of Bible King James Version

James I Biggest question – How much power should parliament have. Problem getting tax money Divine Right, wanted absolute power Had to gain money by selling titles and monopolies Left problems that the next King would have to deal with. Tensions between a Stuart king and the people of England After James I dies (1625), his son Charles I comes to power.

Charles I Believed in idea of Divine Right Keeps him out of touch with his public Marries a French Catholic Princess French AND a Catholic Charles always needed money Tries to force people to lend him money Puts them in prison Parliament does not like these actions Refused to give him money until he signed ‘Petition of Right’

Charles I Petition of Right - Still important King agreed to four things Could not tax people w/o Parliaments consent Could not declare martial law Could not board soldiers in private homes during peace time Could not imprison subjects without cause Charles agreed, but ignored When Parliament protested, he dismissed Parliament Parliament gone for 11 years. Still important Idea that law was higher than the king Contradicted idea of Absolute monarchy

Charles I Charles keeps raising taxes and fines to get money Angers many, trying to impose Absolute Control Charles offends Upheld rituals and formal Anglican prayer book Tired to force Scot Presbyterians (Protestant) to accept Anglican prayer book Wanted both kingdoms (England and Scotland) to follow same religion Scots Rebelled, loyalty to Church before Crown Charles sent troops to invade Needs more money to continue the fight Called Parliament to session (2 times) Chance for Parliament to oppose him Want to address complaints about the King first

Long Parliament 1640 - Met on and off for 20 years. Charles needed money to put down Scottish rebellion Parliament says no. Parliament passes two laws to limit kings power Ends kings power to dissolve Parliament Requires Parliament to meet at least every 3 years Wanted to makes changes to the Anglican Church Public against that

Long Parliament Rebellion starts in Ireland – 1641 England controlled parts of Ireland Irish Catholics had been treated harshly, like conquered people Had few rights and freedoms, lived in constant fear Bloody rebellion Irish Catholics vs. English Parliaments wants control over Army Charles says no… leads troops into Parliament to arrest them Starts a Civil War in England – 1642 Charles escapes to north to build army of supporters Civil War – 1642 – 1649

English Civil War & Cromwell King supported by …… Anglicans, Roman Catholics, nobles Parliament supported by…. Puritans and other non-protestants No side had advantage until…. 1644 – Puritans found Oliver Cromwell General who could win Following year, captured king, tried for treason Found guilty, sentenced to death Beheaded in 1649 Never before had a monarch faced a public trial and execution Cromwell takes control of England, abolished monarchy

Cromwell’s Commonwealth Cromwell was a devout Puritan But also fairly tolerant Ruled from 1653 – 1658 Basically a military dictator Wanted a parliamentary republic Tried twice, too much resistance Starts rebuilding economy Encouraged trade and manufacturing

Cromwell’s Commonwealth Cromwell and Puritans wanted to reform society Made laws that promoted morality Abolished things thought to be sinful Going to the theatre, etc. Cromwell favored religious toleration for all Christians except Catholics Even welcomed back Jews Cromwell eventually dissolves Parliament

End of the Revolution Ruled till death in 1658 After Cromwell’s death, son Richard becomes leader Weak leader, lost support of army 1660 – Restoration Parliament voted to ask oldest son of Charles I to rule England 1660 – Reign of Charles II begins, legitimate heir to the throne

Restoration Charles II restored…. He avoided fights with Parliament Theatre, sporting events and dancing Arts flourished He avoided fights with Parliament Didn’t want to end up like his father Bold commercial polices led to wars with the Dutch and gained some territory New Amsterdam renamed New York Tried to increase toleration of Catholics

Restoration Political Parties start to develop Over royal succession James, Roman Catholic, Charles younger brother, next in line to be king Tories Believed James had hereditary right to the throne Even if a Catholic Supported by Anglican Church Whigs Claimed right to deny the throne to James. Wanted strong Parliament & opposed a Catholic leader

Glorious Revolution Charles II dies, Brother James becomes king Rules as James II Believes in absolute rule Frustrates both Whigs and Tories Religion of his successor still an issue First son is raised as Catholic Daughters are Protestant Parliament wants James II to step down Invite James’ daughter, Mary, & husband, William of Orange to rule

Glorious Revolution William of Orange lands in England James II flees to France in exile Parliament gives crown to both Mary and William as co-rulers Rule as William III and Mary II Glorious Revolution - 1688 Bloodless transfer of power in the English monarchy

Habeas Corpus Parliament passes ‘habeas corpus’ Based on Ideas of Locke Important freedom Prisoners have right to be brought before judge, hear charges. Judge would decide if tried or set free. Protect against unfair arrest and imprisonment

English Bill of Rights Read to William and Mary before given the throne in 1689 Parliament would choose who would rule Ruler must obey Parliamentary laws Could not suspend laws Ruler could not impose taxes or maintain army in peace time without Parliaments consent Ruler could not interfere with election of representatives for Parliament Guaranteed free speech for members of Parliament

English Bill of Rights Also protected private citizens Could not be forced to pay high or unfair bail Would not have to face cruel or unusual punishment

Toleration Act Granted some religious freedoms to Protestants who were not Anglican members (Lutherans, Calvinists, Presbyterians) Did not protect Catholics or Jews Barred non-Anglican church members from holding public office

Act of Settlement To keep a Catholic off the throne If Wm III & Mary II died w/o heir, Mary’s sister Anne would become Queen If Anne had no kids, throne would go to a Protestant granddaughter of James I

Parliamentary Rule Fight between monarch and Parliament over Parliament emerges as the supreme power Parliament had right to chose next monarch Rights of individuals and government powers had become more defined Parliament still not representing all of the population

Parliamentary Rule Eventually Parliament gains enough power that the monarchs stop trying to veto Parliaments actions Two important institutions develop that still exist today in England. 1 - Cabinet Officers of the State, advisors of the King Usually department heads First representatives of both parties Later only members of the majority party

Parliamentary Rule 2 – Prime Minister Leader of majority party in Parliament heads cabinet Called Prime Minister Still system of government in England.

Act of Union 1707 Passed by Parliaments from England and Scotland United both as the United Kingdom Meant to strengthen England in struggles with France Many in Scotland opposed this Ended up being very beneficial for all parties

Constitutional Monarchy 1721-1742 Whigs control House of Commons Whigs want a strong Parliament body England becomes a Constitutional Monarchy Monarch remains head of state Powers limited by the constitution Required them to consult with Parliament Certain things only Parliament can do Has changed little since then

Constitutional Monarchy Has been a model for other nations to end absolute monarchies Constitution is not one document Magna Carta Petition of Rights Habeas Corpus Act Bill of Rights Act of Settlement And other acts of Parliament Can be changed by Parliament if necessary Prime Minister chooses member of the Cabinet Plan and carry out government polices

And Finally…… the end!