1. Unit 7 Absolute Monarchs Chapter 19 Section 4, Chapter 20 Sections 1 & 2 – England

2. Tudors Came into power in late 1400’s –Started centralizing monarchy’s power –Tudors become ruling family after winning the ‘War of the Roses’ defeating the Lancaster's Henry VII –First king - 1485-1509 –Made England stable and prosperous Henry VIII – 1509-1547 –Established new religion – Anglican Church Edward VI – 1547-1553 –Never married, Named Lady Jane Grey as heir. Privy Council had her removed 9 days in Was later executed, age 16. Mary I – 1553

3. Tudors Mary I – 1553, 1 st reigning Queen –Devoted Catholic –Daughter of Catherine of Aragon Henry VIII’s first wife, Catholic Relative of Charles V of Spain –Protestants outraged when she married Philip II of Spain –Tried to destroy the Anglican Church –Had more than 300 people burned at stake, started rebellion –Gains nick name “Bloody Mary” Ultimately failed to destroy Protestantism in England Dies in 1558, Philip II?

4. Elizabeth I Was Mary I’s half sister –Mother was Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII’s 2 nd wife. Protestant Was a good politician No husband or children Mary Queen of Scots – Next in line to Rule –Closest heir (relative) Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland, and a Catholic –Came to England in 1568 to escape problems in Scotland, and was put in prison by Elizabeth –Plotted with Philip II to kill Elizabeth –Elizabeth had Mary be-headed

5. Elizabeth I Philip II angry –Mary I & Mary Stuart –English Seadogs –England helped Spanish Protestants –Plans invasion of England

6. Philip Attacks England 1588 - Assembled the Armada to invade England –130 armed vessels, 19,000 soldiers –sent to English Channel. English fleet is smaller and swifter –Better long range cannons. –forced the Armada into the North Sea. –Caught in storms.... Destroyed what was left of them. Protestant Winds

7. Results Gave England confidence Ended threat of the Spanish Armada –Allowed other countries to start to explore the Americas. Spain suffered a defeat but still had great wealth (colonial interests) to retain some power in the region

8. Religion & Parliament Elizabeth still had 2 main problems –1 - Religion Puritans – Didn’t think Henry VIII went far enough in removing Catholic traditions from the church Wanted England united under one religion –Persecuted all other religions »Had to pay fines –Elizabeth refused to change the church any more »Relatively tolerant

9. Religion & Parliament 2 - Parliament starts to become more powerful –Most people viewed Parliament as a check to the monarchy’s power. Made of 2 houses…. –House of Lords – Nobles and Clergy –House of Commons – Gentry and Burgesses Gentry – landowners, position but no title, no inheritance Burgesses – merchants & professionals

10. Religion & Parliament Elizabeth I handled Parliament well –Consulted them, gave appearance of taking their advice –Usually got what she wanted from them When Elizabeth dies - 1603 –Left no heir James Stuart – nearest relative, son of Mary Stuart Already King James VI of Scotland Became James I King of England – 1603 England and Scotland did not unite until 1707 –Still have same ruler

11. James I A Stuart, not a Tudor Intelligent but lacked common sense with money and diplomacy Believed in idea of Divine Right – puts him at odds with Parliament Big supporter of the Anglican Church –Puts him at odds with Puritans who still want change. –Did agree to new translation of Bible King James Version

12. James I Biggest question – How much power should parliament have? –Problem getting tax money –Divine Right, wanted absolute power –Had to gain money by selling titles and monopolies Left problems that the next King would have to deal with. –Tensions between a Stuart king and the people of England After James I dies (1625), his son Charles I comes to power.

13. Charles I Believed in idea of Divine Right –Keeps him out of touch with his public Marries a French Catholic Princess –French AND a Catholic Charles always needed money –Tries to force people to lend him money Puts them in prison Parliament - refused to give him money –until he signed ‘Petition of Right’

14. Charles I Petition of Right - –King agreed to four things Could not tax people w/o Parliaments consent Could not declare martial law Could not board soldiers in private homes during peace time Could not imprison subjects without cause –Charles agreed, but ignored When Parliament protested, he dismissed Parliament Parliament gone for 11 years. Still important –Idea that King is not above the law –Contradicted idea of Absolute monarchy

15. Charles I Charles keeps raising taxes and fines to get money –Angers many, trying to impose Absolute Control Charles offends –Upheld rituals and formal Anglican prayer book –Tired to force Scot Presbyterians (Protestant) to accept Anglican prayer book Wanted both kingdoms (England and Scotland) to follow same religion –Scots Rebelled, loyalty to Church before Crown –Charles sent troops to invade Needs more money to continue the fight –Called Parliament to session (2 times)

16. Long Parliament 1640 - Met on and off for 20 years. Charles needed money to put down Scottish rebellion –Parliament says no. Parliament passes two laws to limit kings power –Ends kings power to dissolve Parliament –Requires Parliament to meet at least every 3 years –Wanted to makes changes to the Anglican Church Public against that

17. Long Parliament Rebellion starts in Ireland – 1641 –England controlled parts of Ireland –Irish Catholics had been treated harshly, like conquered people –Had few rights and freedoms, lived in constant fear –Bloody rebellion Irish Catholics vs. English Parliaments wants control over Army –Charles says no… leads troops into Parliament to arrest them Starts a Civil War in England – 1642 Charles escapes to north to build army of supporters Civil War – 1642 – 1649

18. English Civil War & Cromwell King supported by …… –Anglicans, Roman Catholics, nobles Parliament supported by…. –Puritans and other non-protestants No side had advantage until…. 1644 – Puritans found Oliver Cromwell –General who could win –Following year, captured king, tried for treason –Found guilty, sentenced to death –Beheaded Charles in 1649 –Never before had a monarch faced a public trial and execution Cromwell takes control of England, abolished monarchy

19. Cromwell’s Commonwealth Cromwell was a devout Puritan –But also fairly tolerant –Ruled from 1653 – 1658 –Basically a military dictator –Wanted a parliamentary republic Tried twice, too much resistance –Starts rebuilding economy Encouraged trade and manufacturing

20. Cromwell’s Commonwealth Cromwell and Puritans wanted to reform society –Made laws that promoted morality –Abolished things thought to be sinful Going to the theatre, etc. Cromwell favored religious toleration for all Christians except Catholics –Even welcomed back Jews Cromwell eventually dissolves Parliament

21. End of the Revolution Ruled till death in 1658 After Cromwell’s death, son Richard becomes leader –Weak leader, lost support of army 1660 – Restoration –English monarchy is restored –1660 – Reign of Charles II begins, legitimate heir to the throne

22. Restoration Charles II restored…. –Theatre, sporting events and dancing –Arts flourished He avoided fights with Parliament –Didn’t want to end up like his father Bold commercial polices led to wars with the Dutch and gained some territory –New Amsterdam renamed New York Tried to increase toleration of Catholics

23. Restoration Political Parties start to develop –Over royal succession James, Roman Catholic, Charles younger brother, next in line to be king –Tories Believed James had hereditary right to the throne –Even if a Catholic Supported by Anglican Church –Whigs Claimed right to deny the throne to James. Wanted strong Parliament & opposed a Catholic leader

24. Glorious Revolution Charles II dies, brother becomes king Rules as James II Believes in absolute rule –Frustrates both Whigs and Tories Religion of his successor still an issue –First son is raised as Catholic –Daughters are Protestant Parliament wants James II to step down –Invite James’ daughter, Mary, & husband, William of Orange to rule

25. Glorious Revolution William of Orange lands in England –James II flees to France in exile Parliament gives crown to both Mary II and William III as co-rulers Glorious Revolution - 1688 –Bloodless transfer of power in the English monarchy

26. Changes in Government Changes in government because of all the problems Thomas Hobbes – Philosopher –Lived during the English Civil War disturbed by the chaos that it created –Wrote ‘Leviathan’ Violence and danger causes them to choose a leader Unwritten social contract, give leader absolute power People keep only the right to protect their own lives Exchange of civil liberties for safety and social order

27. John Locke Philosopher Disagreed with Hobbes but accepted the idea of a social contract –People should only give up ‘some’ rights –Wrote ‘Two Treatises of Government Argued that individual rights were superior to laws and governments Life, liberty, and ownership of property Rulers should protect these rights –Rulers that don’t violate the contract –Should be over thrown.

28. Habeas Corpus Parliament passes ‘habeas corpus’ –Based on Ideas of Locke –Protected people who were arrested –Prisoners have right to be brought before judge, hear charges. –Judge would decide if tried or set free. –Protect against unfair arrest and imprisonment

29. English Bill of Rights Read to William and Mary before given the throne in 1689 –Parliament would choose who would rule –Ruler must obey Parliamentary laws Could not suspend laws –Ruler could not impose taxes or maintain army in peace time without Parliaments consent –Ruler could not interfere with election of representatives for Parliament –Guaranteed free speech for members of Parliament

30. English Bill of Rights Also protected private citizens –Could not be forced to pay high or unfair bail –Would not have to face cruel or unusual punishment –Document that expressed the powers of Parliament over the powers of the Monarchy.

31. Toleration Act Granted some religious freedoms to Protestants who were not Anglican members (Lutherans, Calvinists, Presbyterians) Did not protect Catholics or Jews Barred non-Anglican church members from holding public office

32. Act of Settlement To keep a Catholic off the throne If Wm III & Mary II died w/o heir, Mary’s sister Anne would become Queen If Anne had no kids, throne would go to a Protestant granddaughter of James I

33. Parliamentary Rule Eventually Parliament gains enough power that the monarchs stop trying to veto Parliaments actions Two important institutions develop that still exist today in England. 1 - Cabinet –Officers of the State, advisors of the King –Usually department heads –First representatives of both parties Later only members of the majority party

34. Parliamentary Rule 2 – Prime Minister –Leader of majority party in Parliament heads cabinet –Called Prime Minister Still system of government in England.

35. Act of Union 1707 –Passed by Parliaments from England and Scotland –United England and Scotland as the United Kingdom –Meant to strengthen England in struggles with France Many in Scotland opposed this –Ended up being very beneficial for all parties

36. Constitutional Monarchy 1721-1742 –Whigs control House of Commons Whigs want a strong Parliament body –England becomes a Constitutional Monarchy Monarch remains head of state Powers limited by the constitution –Required them to consult with Parliament –Certain things only Parliament can do –Has changed little since then

37. Constitutional Monarchy Has been a model for other nations to end absolute monarchies Constitution is not one document –Magna Carta –Petition of Rights –Habeas Corpus Act –Bill of Rights –Act of Settlement –And other acts of Parliament –Can be changed by Parliament if necessary Prime Minister chooses member of the Cabinet –Plan and carry out government polices

38. –And Finally…… the end!