NOTE: To change the image on this slide, select the picture and delete it. Then click the Pictures icon in the placeholder to insert your own image. CHAPTER 25: THE REACH OF IMPERIALISM Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia

The New Imperialism  What is Imperialism?  Extension of a nation’s power over other lands  Trading posts had been set up before in Africa and the Americas  What is the New Imperialism?  Fewer trading posts  More of a direct control over territories  Setting up governments  What was the rationale?  New markets for raw materials (oil, rubber, spices)  Acquiring new lands to better themselves over rivals  Source of national prestige

The New Imperialism  Racism and Imperialism  Racism: belief that race determines traits and capabilities  Europeans believed that Anglo-Saxons were superior to all other races  “The White Man’s Burden”  It was the job of Anglo-Saxons to teach moral responsibilities to the “heathen masses”  Also responsible for spreading Christianity  Bring Democracy and capitalism to territories

Colonial Takeover  Great Britain  1819: Established Singapore (“city of the lion”)  Sto p over point for people travelling to China  Took over Burma  Used it to protect its control of India  France  Vietnam  Saw British invasion of southeast Asia as a threat  French missionaries had been in area for years  French government forces Vietnamese government to accept French protection  In following years, took over Laos, Annam, and Tonkin

Colonial Takeover  Thailand  Remained independent but stuck between French and British rule  Two kings maintained rule of Thailand  Both promoted Western ideas and kept friendly ties with all European powers  Both France and Great Britain agreed to allow Thailand to remain independent  USA  Spanish American War (1898)  Goal was to protect Philippines from Spanish tyranny  Also wanted to protect them from Japanese imperialism  Took control of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam  Philippines later given independence

Colonial Regimes  Indirect Rule  A colonial government where the locals were allowed to maintain rule and keep local authority  Allowed for easier access to natural resources  Cheaper because fewer officials needed to be trained  Affected local culture less  Direct Rule  Colonial government where local elites were removed from office  Replaced officials with new government from colonizing country  Led to inclusion of Western civilization and cultures  Native people generally not given voting or political rights

Colonial Economies  Benefits of Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia  Construction of railroads and highways  Development of an export market  Allowed for the small farmers of products to gain capital from these products  Drawbacks to Colonial rule in Southeast Asia  Increase in taxes on the peasants  Poor working conditions on plantations led to death  Poor wages on plantations so owners could make more money

Resistance to Colonial Rule  Vietnam  Resistance to the French  Can Vuong movement (“Save the King”)  Designed to put ruling family back in power  Burma  Resistance to the British  Buddhist monk Saya San led peasant uprising  The ruling class had fought first unsuccessfully  Nationalism  Economic interests and religious beliefs stemmed rebellion from Westernized Asians  After a while, they began to protest for independence

CHAPTER 25: THE REACH OF IMPERIALISM Empire Building in Africa

West Africa Raw Materials Desired: Peanuts, Timber, Hides, and Palm Oil England Took control of Gold Coast and Nigeria France Took control of most of West Africa Germany Took control of Cameroon and Togo

North Africa  Egypt  Muhammad Ali  Officer in Ottoman Army  Took control and established a new Egypt  Brought it up to the westernized times  Modern army  Public School system  Built ships  Created industry (Sugar Industry)  French found interest in Egypt to build canal for steamships (Suez Canal)  British bought share of canal from Egypt (Became protector in 1914)

North Africa  Egypt  British wanted to control Sudan as well to protect the Suez Canal  Muhammad Ahmad attacked Sudan to seize power  British sent General Charles Gordon to put down rebellion and take control  Took 13 years to seize Sudan  Gordon died in battle  France  1879: Took control of Algeria (150,000 settle in it)  1881: Took control of Tunisia  1912: Establish Morocco as protectorate  Italy  1911: Invade and take control of Libya

Central Africa  David Livingstone  Medical missionary who spent 30 years travelling Central African jungle  Led to maps of Central Africa being created in London  Wanted to spread Christianity and open a possible European economy  American Henry Stanley searched for him to join on the mission  Eventually Livingstone dies and Stanley continues journey  Leopold II (Belgium)  After British turn down Central African Journey, he takes claim  Establishes the nation Congo

East Africa  British  Interested in connecting their colony in Egypt to South Africa  Germany  Bismarck finally makes a push for colonization  Saw the political need for them  Wanted to have a connection to their West African colonies  Berlin Conference (1884 and 1885)  Set up to decide settle claim conflicts  British and Germans received their claims  Portugal given the territory Mozambique  Africans were excluded from meeting

South Africa  The Boers  Original descendants of the Dutch colonists in Cape Town  British took control of their lands after Napoleonic Wars  The Great Trek  Tired of British rule, Boers moved to the valley between Orange and Vaal Rivers  2 separate republics established  Believed in white superiority  Non-Europeans given no rights or powers  Zulu nation took offense and had many conflicts  Eventually defeated by the Boers and British

South Africa  Cecil Rhodes  Major miner of gold and diamonds  With discovery, wanted to establish colonies from Cape Town to Cairo with railroads  Boers did not like the involvement of new settlers  Rhodes attempted to have them moved through a raid on the British  Plan backfired and forced him to leave  Boer War ( )  Boers vs. British  British destroyed crops and homes  Captured 120,000 Boer women and children (20,000 died from starvation)  Larger British army forced peace treaty in 1902

Effects of Imperialism  Use of Indirect Rule  Pros  Does not disrupt or change local customs  Cons  Colonizing countries still made all decisions  Kept social classes the same and allowed for little movement  Use of Direct Rule  Pros  Africans allowed to run for office  Gave them political voice to extent  Cons  Major loss of customs and traditions

Effects of Imperialism  Rise of Nationalism  New leaders admired Western culture  However resentment rose against foreigners  Natives still only had low-paying jobs  Middle class did not have major impact on government  Tired of the superiority complex of Europeans  Condescending tones taken to Africans  Segregation in daily life  Led to the desire to be independent from the Europeans

CHAPTER 25: THE REACH OF IMPERIALISM British Rule in India

The Great Rebellion  AKA Sepoy Mutiny and First War of Independence  Causes  General growing distrust by Indians  Rifles were greased using cow and pig fat  Cows are sacred to Indians  Pigs are unclean and taboo to Muslims  Had to bite end of cartridge to load which meant pig and cow fat was consumed  This was disgraceful to Hindus and Muslims  Led to a refusals to load weapons by Indians and charges of mutiny brought upon them

The Great Rebellion  Reaction  Indian troops responded with widespread upheaval  Killed 50 Europeans including women and children  Reclaimed land that was taken from them  Why Rebellion Failed  Lack of troops  British regrouped and had loyal Indian troops fight with them  Outnumbered 230,000-45,000  Lack of organization

The Great Rebellion  Effects  Parliament’s response  East India Company directly controlled by British government  Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India  Indians became colonial subjects  Nationalism  Seen as first significant attempt to overthrow British in Asia  Allowed others to take up the cause

British Colonial Rule  Structure  Viceroy  Acted as governor and extension of the monarchy  Civil Service Staff  3,500 in total  Ruled 300 million people  Benefits for Indians  Brought stability to region  Created an honest and efficient government  Set up a school system  Wanted to train Indians to serve in government and army

British Colonial Rule  Benefits to Indians  Creation of roads, canals, and universities  Postal system established  Medical centers created  Improved sanitation system  Drawbacks for Indians  Costs were increasing on them and the profits went to wealthy British  Local industries destroyed by mass production  Textile industry almost completely shutdown  Tax collectors took advantage of position  Food shortage with jobs being switched  Racial discrimination

Indian Nationalists  Indian National Congress  Called for a share in government and not immediate independence  Religion  Different religions caused lack of unity  Called for equals rights regardless of religion  Hindus were more represented in group than Muslims  Mohandas Gandhi  Led independence movement  Preached nonviolent methods of protest  Wanted to improve the life for poor

Colonial Indian Culture  British Reaction  One of disrespect  Taj Mahal (Built as a tomb to the wife of the ruler)  Sacred place to Indians  British used it for parties and would degrade it  Indian Revival  Founded in books on Indian culture and language  Began in Calcutta  Expanded Indian writings  Most preferred to write in native language and not English

CHAPTER 25: THE REACH OF IMPERIALISM Imperialism in Latin America

The U.S. in Latin America  The Roosevelt Corollary  Extension of Monroe Doctrine  The United States can intervene in an Latin American nation that it sees fit  Allows the US to keep Europe out of the Western Hemisphere  Gave them right to add nations as protectorates and territories  The Panama Canal (1914)  Connection between Pacific and Atlantic Ocean  Allowed ships to not have to sail around South America  Cut off up to 4 weeks on a journey

The US in Latin America  Dollar Diplomacy  The United States began to invest money into the Latin American nations  Acted as another way the US could control these countries  Pumped $3.5 Billion in Latin America  Allowed for debts to be paid and new industries to be opened  Gave them reason to have military influence in Latin America

Revolution in Mexico  Porfirio Diaz  Ran Mexico from  Established a conservative and centralized government  Those that supported benefitted from him including: army, Catholic Church, landowners, and foreign investors  Problems under Diaz  Worker wages declined over those 35 years  95% of population owned no land  Diaz overthrown by Francisco Madero  Madero attempted to improve government officials  Deal with foreign influence and trade by having more balance

Revolution in Mexico  Pancho Villa  Created revolution in northern states of Mexico  Drew following of the masses  Mexican generals were more concerned with government and blaming than fixing the problem  Emiliano Zapata  Wanted to have equality of land for all  Began seizing land from wealthy and giving it to poor  Raised an army in the process

Revolution in Mexico  The Mexican Revolution ( )  Constant fighting and revolting led to a weakened economy  1917: Mexico establishes a new constitution  Increased political reform  Universal male suffrage  President elected by people  Land reform for peasants  Limited foreign investors  Set minimum wages for workers  Allowed for unionization  Increased patriotism

Prosperity in Latin America  Latin America had few goods to export but valuable  Argentina: wheat and beef  Brazil: coffee  Peru: silver and sugar  Used to exchange with larger countries for textiles and luxury items  Industrialization hit around 1900

Social Change in Latin America  Old world system still in place with natives and former slaves being in poverty  Industrialization changed that system  Middle class increased in size (lawyers, businessmen, teachers, military)  Unions allowed the working class to gain favor and power  Right to vote still limited their political power  Immigration increased as industrialization required more workers  Buenos Aires population more than doubled in 15 years