1. The Scramble for Africa

2. New Imperialism Old Imperialism – Creating trading outposts – Letting the areas control themselves as long as they traded New Imperialism – Formal government structures to control the colony – Actively moving Europeans into the new colony – Actively mining the colony for resources – Claiming new territory FOR their country Importance of planting a flag

3. New Imperialism: Forces Behind it Social Darwinism/Racism – In the struggle of nations, the fittest survived So a colony (conquered) contained weaker races – Created a hierarchy, strongest at the top, weakest at the bottom Acceptable to mistreat and ignore the inferior races National Pride – Each nation saw colonies as a way to show off their power – The more you had, the more powerful you were – Nationalism!!

4. New Imperialism: Forces Behind it con’t Capitalism – Vast profits can be made through cheap labor and cheap materials – Needed a new source for raw materials outside of Europe Had to maintain order to do this Needed a cheap (or free) labor force Raw materials the countries were looking for: – Diamonds – Rubber – Oil – Metal (Tin, Gold, Silver, Copper, etc) – Labor (cheap or free) – Foods and Spices (coffee, oils, sugar)

5. New Imperialism: Forces Behind it con’t Religion and Democracy – Moral duty to improve the lives of the natives – Meant to bring the Christian religion to the “savage” people – democratic thinking – Native people looked at as “primitive” and lacking civilization or morals Militarism – Controlling areas offered strategic advantage – US in Asia – Philippines – Oil – Great Britain – Suez Canal in Egypt – Soldiers Natives were often conscripted to be solders for the European armies – Sepoys and Gurkahs in India

6. Problems with New Imperialism Ruling imperialist areas from home – Hard to respond to problems Unhappy native populations – Peasant revolts were common – Did encounter resistance but usually futile Government Structures – Protectorate – territory dependent on another government for protection

7. Solutions with New Imperialism Direct Rule – European leaders put in charge of colony’s operations – All political, military, and economic leaders were European Ex: Queen Victoria as Empress of India? Indirect Rule – Use existing native chieftains and leaders to control local population – Lowered cost of governing colony – But gave the natives more claim to their own rule Cost and Reward – Colony = affordable when producing new profits Europeans did not want to build economies in their colonies Wanted raw goods, and purposely kept industry and technology out of colonial areas

8. Major Areas of Imperialism Africa (English, French, Germans, Belgians) Southeast Asia (French, US, Dutch, English) Latin America (US, French) China (Germany, France, English, US, Japan) India (English) Middle East (English, French)

9. Africa Before Europe

10. Missionaries and Quinine Missionaries had been going into Africa long before the Europeans decided to heavily exploit it – Goal: Convert native populations to Christianity Until 1850s it was difficult for Europeans to explore Africa – Water obstacles, unfamiliar terrain, dangerous animals, mosquitoes (malaria) – Once the drug quinine started to be used before going to Africa in the 1850s, that changed quickly Europeans could now survive in greater numbers, allowing them to conquer more effectively and quickly Lead to increased fighting amongst the Europeans for controlling lands of Africa

11. Demand for Raw Materials Cecil Rhodes – English businessman and political leader Wanted African economy controlled by Britain Specialized in the diamond trade, copper, gold, etc. Diamonds (blood diamonds) – Africa – world’s largest producer of diamonds (almost 70%) – Blood Diamonds (Kimberley Process) – $12.7 Billion (modern production) – Demand expected to DOUBLE in 20 years (due to China and US demand)

12. Division of Africa Berlin Conference – 14 nations met in 1884-1885 to lay down rules for the division of Africa Agreed that any country claiming land had to notify other nations of the claim Then proving it could control the area – No African rulers were invited to attend

13. Congo and Belgium Privately controlled by King Leopold II – Controlled the rubber trade – Used the Congolese people as free slave labor – Incredibly cruel Paid field workers to whip workers Used torture to increase production – Ex: practice of cutting off hands

14. South Africa South and Central Africa – Livingstone and Stanley Henry Stanley – journalist David Livingstone – missionary and explorer – South African Violence Zulu Resistance – Shaka Zulu Dutch Ranchers - Afrikaaners