1. Imperialism (Chapter 14) World History C. Simmons

2. The New Imperialism In 1800’s European countries pushed Imperialism – domination of stronger countries over weaker ones. New Imperialism wanted direct control over territories in Asia and Africa Reason for imperialism – trade markets and raw materials Push for “world” power Ethnocentrism and racism – Social Darwinism

3. Colonial Takeover in SE Asia By 1900 almost all of SE Asia was under western control Britain was leading colonial power Many countries forced to become a protectorate – unit that depends on another government for protection. Spanish American War – George Dewey defeated Spanish at Manila in Philippines. U.S. president William McKinley thought it was his duty to “civilize” parts of the world, this led to guerilla revolts

4. Colonial Regimes in SE Asia Goal was to exploit natural resources and open markets Indirect Rule – allowed local rulers to stay in power Direct rule – leaders were put into place from the mother country Oppressed native people by exporting all goods and keeping them from participating in government The plantation – horrible working conditions

5. Resistance to Colonial Rule Peasant revolts were most common Nationalism effected resistance – at first organized to protect religious and cultural customs, then demanded Independence

6. Discussion What is the definition of Racism? What is Imperialism? How did Imperialism play a role in future wars?

7. W Africa B/t 1880-1890 almost all of Africa was under European control. Slave Trade – Gold Coast Slavery abolished by 1890 in all major countries around the world. Great Britain and France controlled largest part of West Africa

8. N Africa Egyptian state started in 1905 by Muhammad Ali – reforms like public school, small industry, modernization 1854 Ferdinand de Lesseps signed contract to complete Suez Canal – connecting Red Sea to Mediterranean Mostly British control of North Africa

9. C and E Africa Tropical jungles of Central Africa (Congo) King Leopold II influential driving force for colonization France dominated in Central Africa Britain /Germany became rivals over areas in East Africa 1884 Berlin Conference – division of colonies of East Africa

10. S Africa By 1865 close to 200,000 whites have moved to S Africa Boers (Afrikaners) – descendants of original Dutch settlers in Cape Town Boers v. Zulu – indigenous people Boer War (1899-1902) – b/t British and Boers 1910 British created the Union of South Africa

11. Colonial Rule in Africa Most African nations were under direct rule New class of intellectuals emerged, public school education Rise of Nationalism and push for independence, by 1925 all European direct rule was ended in Africa

12. Discussion What European power predominantly controlled land in Africa? What was the main reason for imperialism in Africa?

13. The Sepoy Mutiny British rule in India, hired Indian soldiers called sepoys 1857 Sepoy Mutiny – first war for independence Cause was the British not following Indian culture and traditions (cow fat bullets) Britain regained control and Queen Victoria was named Empress to India in 1876

14. Colonial Rule in India Viceroy – direct ruler represented the monarch Benefits – order that ended civil war, set up government and school system – only upper class Indians (90% still illiterate) Costs – British manufactured goods destroyed local industry, switch of growing food to growing cotton (b/t 1800-1900 30 million Indians starved to death) Lack of respect to Indian culture and tradition (Taj Mahal) – this led to Indian Nationalist movement

15. Indian Nationalist Movement 1885 Indian National Congress – called for sharing of governmental process Problems caused by religious split Muslims and Hindus 1915 Mohandas Gandhi leader of Indian Nationalist Movement – non-violent resistance led to Indian independence

16. Discussion What was main cause of Indian Nationalist movement? What did Gandhi do to help Indian Nationalist movement?

17. Nationalist Revolts in Latin America Idea of revolution threatened European control of Latin America Class dissention – peninsulares (Europeans) are top level, creoles (descendants of Europeans) middle level, and mestizos (natives) lower level peasants or laborers Slave revolt on Hispaniola – Toussaint Louverture, first independent state Mexican Revolt in 1810 led by Miguel Hidalgo South American Liberators – Simon Bolivar and Jose San Martin Monroe Doctrine – stated that European powers stay out of western hemisphere, guaranteed independence of Latin American countries

18. Difficulties in Nation Building Problems – border wars, no infrastructure, loss of property and people Countries would become economically dependant on Europe and America Mexican-American War – lose Texas and half of territory to U.S. Building of the Panama Canal (1914) Elite controlled all politics led to dire poverty

19. Political Change Writing of constitutions, but elite kept power by restricting voting rights Spanish-American War – Cuba became a protectorate and Puerto Rico was annexed by U.S. Support of dictators to protect elite, Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico from 1877-1911 American involvement in Latin America led to resentment

20. Economic Change Exports supported period of economic prosperity: Argentina – beef, Brazil – coffee, Central America – bananas Small growth of manufacturing and middle class Middle class sought reform instead of revolution