CH: 24.1: Dictators Threaten World Peace OBJECTIVE: Understand the factors behind the rise of dictators and how they made neutrality problematic.

NOTE: I strongly recommend you use the following website: itaryhistory/exhibition/flash.html itaryhistory/exhibition/flash.html

What were the failures of the Treaty of Versailles?  It humiliated Germany, and it meant to.  Russia was not included. It lost more land than Germany did, leaving it wanting more.  Allies stripped Germany of its colonies, but kept and expanded their own. EFFECT:  Problems of the treaty, combined with the global depression and burden of reparations caused Democracies in Europe to collapse.  Totalitarian dictatorships took their place!!!

THE RISE OF DICTATORS  Germany  Hitler : legally appointed chancellor in 1933, burning of the Reichstag  Enabling Act, Scapegoating?  Italy  Mussolini: purges of Communists, invasion of Ethiopia  Spain  Franco: Guernica, Spanish Civil War  What about Russia and Japan?  Stalin and Hidecki Tojo (Emperor Hirohito) NOTE: I strongly recommend you use the following website:

What are the differences between: Fascismcommunism totalitarianism Why would people be attracted to totalitarianism?

1. IDENTIFY THE AGGRESSIVE ACTIONS OF THE DICTATORS AND THEN 2. AMERICA’S RESPONSES DICATORAGGRESSIONUSA’S RESPONSE Stalin Mussolini Hitler Japan

Replaced Lenin as leader of the USSR “purged” his country of capitalism Created state-run farms and factories Forced industrialization of the USSR with “Five Year Plans” Police state and “purges” caused death of 8 to 13 MILLION. JOSEPH STALIN

BENITO MUSSOLINI  Appeals to WWI veterans  Advocates a strong, centralized govt. under a dictator = fascism  Opposed to communism  Formed a militia called “black-shirts”  Seized total control of Italy through force and intimidation “Il Duce”

Generalisimo Francisco Franco Totalitarian dictator of Spain Spanish Civil-War fought between Fascists and “Republicans” – a motley group of communists, foreign volunteers, and opponents of fascism. TERRIBLE ATROCITIES ON BOTH SIDES!!!

 Veteran of WWI  Joins the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi)  Extreme Nationalist  Purity of the Aryan race  Expansion of the German state  Publishes Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while in prison  Elected Chancellor in 1933; quickly dissolves Wiemar Republic; declares the Third Reich ADOLF HITLER HOW DID THE GLOBAL DEPRESSION HELP HITLER??

Hitler The German leader Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) is surrounded in this propagandistic painting by images that came to symbolize hate, genocide, and war: Nazi flags with emblems of the swastika; the iron cross on the dictator's pocket; and Nazi troops in loyal salute. The anti-Semitic Hitler denounced the United States as a "Jewish rubbish heap" of "inferiority and decadence" that was "incapable of conducting war." (U.S. Army Center of Military History) Hitler Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Militarists in Japan  Militarists like Tojo in Japan control the Emperor and Japan  Japan wants to expand its empire through Asia and the Pacific  Japan invades Manchuria in 1931  League of Nations condemns the invasion, but does nothing to intervene  Japan’s militarists tighten their control over Japan  Japan launches second invasion of China in 1937  US protests, FDR calls for embargo of Japan

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Rape of Nanking –

Aggression in Europe  Hitler pulls out of League of Nations in 1933  Hitler re-militarizes Rhineland in 1935 (against Treaty of Versailles)  Germany and Italy form an alliance in 1935  Mussolini invades Ethiopia in 1935 The League protests, but does not act  Germany and Italy support Franco in Spain Spain becomes totalitarian state under Franco Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pact (Aug 1939) Hitler invades Poland September 1 st 1939 BR/ FR declare war on Germany AXIS powers agreement signed (Italy, Germ, Japan)

American Response  Isolationism  1934: Senator Nye’s investigations re: munitions  Argues that Arms Dealers pushed US into WWI  Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, & 1937  Outlawed selling arms to nations at war or in civil war  Decline of armed forces and navy DID THESE POLICIES WORK?

1. IDENTIFY THE AGGRESSIVE ACTIONS OF THE DICTATORS AND THEN 2. AMERICA’S RESPONSES DICATORAGGRESSIONUSA’S RESPONSE Stalin Mussolini Hitler Japan