Grammar Review: NOTES We are checking over the notes you should have already taken. You must add what you don’t have!

Independent Clause Has a subject and a verb Has a subject and a verb May include phrases of all kinds May include phrases of all kinds Always has the main idea/action of the whole sentence Always has the main idea/action of the whole sentence Can stand alone as a complete thought Can stand alone as a complete thought Foundation for all 4 sentence types (S, CD, CX, & CDCX) Foundation for all 4 sentence types (S, CD, CX, & CDCX)

Independent Clause Example Can have just a subject and verb Can have just a subject and verb … Joanie swam. Can include phrases Can include phrases … Joanie swam across the pond.

Subordinate Clause Has a subject AND a verb Has a subject AND a verb May have phrases of all kinds May have phrases of all kinds Cannot stand alone; is an incomplete thought; must be tied to/part of an independent clause Cannot stand alone; is an incomplete thought; must be tied to/part of an independent clause Can be anywhere in a sentence Can be anywhere in a sentence Clause can be an Adverb or Adjective or Noun clause Clause can be an Adverb or Adjective or Noun clause Must start with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun Must start with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun

Subordinating Conjunctions After After Although Although As As As far as As far as As if As if As long as As long as As soon as As soon as As though As though Because Because Before Before Even though Even though If If In order that In order that Since Since So that So that Than Than Though Though Unless Unless Until Until When When Whenever Whenever Where Where Wherever Wherever while while These words ALWAYS start the subordinate clause These words always introduce a subject and a verb!

Subordinate Clause Example Adverb clause in the front… AS LONG AS WE WANDER AIMLESSLY AROUND THE FOREST, we will remain lost. AS LONG AS WE WANDER AIMLESSLY AROUND THE FOREST, we will remain lost. Conjunction (as long as) Conjunction (as long as) Subject (we) Subject (we) Verb (wander) Verb (wander) Note comma use!

Subordinate Clause Example Adverb clause in the middle Joanie thought, WHILE SHE WORKED ON THE ENTRIES FOR THE BANK, about her vacation in Australia. Joanie thought, WHILE SHE WORKED ON THE ENTRIES FOR THE BANK, about her vacation in Australia.  Conjunction (while)  Subject (she)  Verb (worked) Note comma use!

Subordinate Clause Example Adverb clause in the end Sally worked hard on her project BECAUSE SHE WANTED TO EARN THE TOP PRIZE. Sally worked hard on her project BECAUSE SHE WANTED TO EARN THE TOP PRIZE. Conjunction (because)Conjunction (because) Subject (she)Subject (she) Verb (wanted)Verb (wanted) Note NO comma use!

Coordinating Conjunctions For For And And Nor Nor But But Or Or Yet Yet so so Used to combine independent clauses together. Uses a comma before the conjunction. A simple sentence has one independent clause, but a compound sentence has TWO independent clauses!

Conjunctive Adverbs F – furthermore, finally L – likewise A – also, accordingly T – therefore T – thus H – however, hence I – instead N – nevertheless C – consequently O – otherwise M – moreover B – besides S – similarly, still Create compound sentences Create compound sentences Needs both a semicolon and a comma Needs both a semicolon and a comma EX: Independent clauses sometimes need clarification ; consequently, we add subordinate clauses, phrases, and other descriptors for understanding.

Semicolon Used to create compound sentences Used to create compound sentences Means the same thing as “comma and” Means the same thing as “comma and” EX: Sally worked on the project ; her efforts were noticed by the government. Notice punctuation

3 sentence types taught Simple (one independent clause with one subject and verb pair) Simple (one independent clause with one subject and verb pair)  Sally cooked dinner and played cards during the football game.

3 sentence types taught compound (two independent clauses and 3 ways to write) compound (two independent clauses and 3 ways to write)  Sally cooked dinner, and she played cards during the football game.  Sally was distracted; consequently, her pasta burned.  Sally’s burned pasta smoked and sparked; the fire department arrived just in time. Notice punctuation

3 sentence types taught complex (one independent clause with one subordinate clause anywhere in the sentence) complex (one independent clause with one subordinate clause anywhere in the sentence)  While Sally cooked dinner and played cards, the football game ended. Notice punctuation

This is a good place to take notes!

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Starts with a relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, which, that (sometimes where or when) Starts with a relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, which, that (sometimes where or when) Describes a noun/pronoun…ALWAYS follows the noun/pronoun it modifies Describes a noun/pronoun…ALWAYS follows the noun/pronoun it modifies Has a subject and verb Has a subject and verb The relative pronoun may not only relate to the noun modified, it may also be the subject, direct object, object of the preposition, or possessive adjective within the adjective clause The relative pronoun may not only relate to the noun modified, it may also be the subject, direct object, object of the preposition, or possessive adjective within the adjective clause May be essential (no comma) or non-essential (with comma) May be essential (no comma) or non-essential (with comma)

Adjective Clause Example Joanie’s project that covered DNA combination patterns won first prize. (essential: NO commas) Joanie’s project that covered DNA combination patterns won first prize. (essential: NO commas) The project, which took 5 years to design, reflected complex DNA patterns in chimps. (non-essential: needs commas) The project, which took 5 years to design, reflected complex DNA patterns in chimps. (non-essential: needs commas)

Noun Clauses Used like a noun/pronoun  Subject  Direct object  Indirect object  Object of a preposition  Predicate nominative

Noun Clauses Because it’s used like a noun, it cannot be removed from the sentence like other subordinate clauses. Because it’s used like a noun, it cannot be removed from the sentence like other subordinate clauses. It can be substituted with “Bob” or “it” or some other noun or pronoun to check for usage! It can be substituted with “Bob” or “it” or some other noun or pronoun to check for usage!

Common Intro Words for NOUN Clauses How How If If That That What What Whatever Whatever When When Where Where Whether Whether Which Which Who Who Whoever Whoever Whom Whom Whomever Whomever Whose Whose Why Why

Noun Clause Example (subject) Used as the Subject Whatever Joanie completed for her project will be evaluated by the review board. Bob…It…The Work will be evaluated by the review board. Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is!

Noun Clause Example (d.o.) Used as the direct object Joanie gave whatever she had on the assignment to the review board. Joanie gave Bob…it…them to the review board. Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is!

Noun Clause Example (i.o.) Used as the indirect object Joanie gave who asked for it a copy of the work. Joanie gave Bob… it… them a copy of the work. Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is!

Noun Clause Example (o.p.) Used as the object of a preposition Joanie gave a copy of the work to whoever asked for it. Joanie gave a copy of the work to Bob…it... Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is!

Noun Clause Example (p.n.) Used as the predicate nominative (after a linking verb!) Joanie’s favorite ice cream is whatever is full of nuts and marshmallows! Joanie’s favorite ice cream is Bob…it… mint! Substitution USUALLY makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is!

Correlative Conjunctions Both/and Both/and Not only/but also Not only/but also Either/or Either/or Neither/nor Neither/nor Whether/or Whether/or These are used to combine ideas within a single clause (usually a simple sentence) EX: Not only do we need strong grammar usage skills but also excellent sentence construction in communicating effectively.

Compound-Complex Sentence Has 2 independent clauses Has 2 independent clauses Has 1 or more subordinate clauses Has 1 or more subordinate clauses Clauses can be in any order, which makes these the most difficult sentence type. Clauses can be in any order, which makes these the most difficult sentence type. Will use all types of conjunctions Will use all types of conjunctions

Compound-Complex Sentence EXAMPLE Joanie and Bill live in Seattle because they like the area, but it does rain a lot there. Joanie and Bill live in Seattle because they like the area, but it does rain a lot there. Because they like the area, Joanie and Bill live in Seattle, but it rains a lot there. Because they like the area, Joanie and Bill live in Seattle, but it rains a lot there. Joanie and Bill live in Seattle, where it rains a lot, but they like it there. Joanie and Bill live in Seattle, where it rains a lot, but they like it there. Notice subordin- ate clause and punc- tuation

4 Sentence Types in Review Simple Simple 1 subject and 1 verb = 1 clause 1 subject and 1 verb = 1 clause Compound Compound 1 independent clause + 1 independent clause 1 independent clause + 1 independent clause Complex Complex 1 independent clause + 1 or more subordinate clause(s) 1 independent clause + 1 or more subordinate clause(s) Compound-Complex Compound-Complex 2 independent clauses + 1 or more subordinate clauses 2 independent clauses + 1 or more subordinate clauses