1. Phrases, Clauses, Conjunctions, Related Sentence Structure
GRAMMAR is your friend!
Phrases, Clauses, Conjunctions,
And
Related Sentence Structure
&
Punctuation

2. PLEASE REFER
TO YOUR TEXT’S INDEX
TO REVIEW
ALL
CONCEPTS & TERMS
In this lesson!

3. Phrase
A group of words
with no
self-contained,
independent
meaning.

4. Types of phrases (and clauses)
Modifying (describing)
Prepositional (spatial or time)
Verbal (infinitive, participle, gerund)
PLEASE REFER TO YOUR TEXT’S INDEX TO REVIEW THE ABOVE CONCEPTS & TERMS!

5. Clauses
Every clause
has
at least a
subject
and
verb.

6. Sentence A sentence is a complete thought.
It consists of a subject and predicate.
The predicate is the verb and everything that follows it.
A sentence is also an independent clause.

7. ? How can a dependent clause have a subject and verb yet not
express a complete thought?

8. Two Types of Clauses
Independent Clauses can stand alone as complete thoughts.
Dependent Clauses cannot stand alone, and they depend on another word group
In the sentence (an independent clause)
to complete meaning.

9. Subordinators Two groups of words CREATE dependence or subordination:
Subordinating Conjunctions
and
Relative Pronouns.
These two groups of words create DEPENDENT CLAUSES!

10. Examples
Examples of SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS & the meanings they express:
Time: when, since
Reason: because, since, as
Result: that, so that
Condition: if, unless
Contrast: although, whereas
Location: where, wherever
Choice: whether, than
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (and relative pronouns)
CREATE DEPENDENT CLAUSES!
See your text for a complete list of SUBORDINATORS!

11. “BISAWAWE” is a memory tool for a few subordinating conjunctions
Because If
So that
After
When
Although
While
Even though

12. More subordinators
Another group of words that create dependent or subordinating clauses is called
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
EXAMPLES:
Who, which, that, whom, whoever

13. Examples If the bond issue passes, the city will install new sewers.
In the above sentence, the underlined clause is dependent or subordinate.
The bold clause is the independent clause which could stand alone:
The city will install new sewers.

14. Coordinating Conjunctions
connect
“equal” or
independent clauses
with a comma preceding
the conjunction.

15. Coordinating Conjunctions “FANBOYS”
For
And
Nor
But Or
Yet So

16. Examples of Coordinating Conjunctions Connecting Independent Clauses
The sky turned gray, and it rained.
Two independent Clauses:
The sky turned gray.
It rained.
I left early, yet I was late for class.
I left early.
I was late for class.

17. TRANSITIONS
Most transition words or phrases
Are
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS.

18. Addition: also, furthermore, moreover, besides
Conjunctive Adverbs (Several are also known as transition-words) and the Relationships They Express
Addition: also, furthermore, moreover, besides
Contrast: however, still, nevertheless, conversely, nevertheless, instead, otherwise
Comparison: similarly, likewise
Result or Summary: therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, hence, then
Time: next, then, meanwhile, finally, subsequently, indeed, certainly

19. THE PATTERN:
Independent Clause/Semicolon/Conjunctive Adverb/Comma/Independent Clause

20. Independent Clause Semicolon (;) Conjunctive Adverb Comma (,)
NOTE THE PATTERN!
Independent Clause
Semicolon (;)
Conjunctive Adverb
Comma (,)
Independent Clause.

21. Examples— I am overweight; therefore, I should exercise more.
Independent Clause/Semicolon/Conjunctive Adverb/Comma/Independent Clause
Examples—
I am overweight; therefore, I should exercise more.
I enjoy swimming; however, I don’t get to swim often.

22. ANOTHER RULE FOLLOWS!

23. A comma follows an introductory phrase or clause.
EXAMPLES
When I arrive, please be ready!
Without a doubt, the idea is great!

24. COMMA SPLICE An error that occurs when a comma (ONLY) is between TWO
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES!

25. To correct comma splices
Keep comma and add coordinating conjunction (FANBOY);
Change comma to period
AND
Capitalize the following word; OR
Change comma to semicolon.

26. Reminder Remember to document your Study Journal to show what you
have studied!

27. In Closing For better understanding-- PLEASE REFER TO
YOUR TEXT’S INDEX TO REVIEW
THE CONCEPTS & TERMS in
this lesson!

28. For more study
Clauses Independent clauses Dependent Clauses Comma Splices Fragments Semicolons & Colons Run-On, Comma Splice, Fragment Self-check Quiz

29. Thanks for your attention!