1. Clauses and Sentence Types

2. CLAUSES Types Each clause must have a subject and verb
independent (ind cl)-also called the main clause
dependent (dep cl)-also called the subordinate clause

3. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE Main clause
Every sentence must have at least one independent clause
Independent clause can usually stand alone
An independent clause does not start with a relative pronoun or subordinating conjuction

4. DEPENDENT CLAUSE The dependent clause CAN NEVER stand alone
A dependent clause starts with a
RELATIVE PRONOUN (that , which, who, whom, whose)
OR A SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION (after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, when, whenever, as, even though, until, unless, as if, etc.)

5. DEPENDENT CLAUSE: TYPES
Adverb (adv dep cl)
Adjective (adj dep cl)
Noun (n dep cl)

6. Adverb Dependent Clause (adv dep cl)
Usually starts with a subordinating conjunction
Acts like an adverb
Ex: We will eat when the bell rings. (modifies eat)
We will eat is the independent clause

7. Adjective Dependent Clause (adj dep cl)
Usually starts with a relative pronoun
Acts like an adjective
Ex: She likes the guy who sits in front of her. (modifies guy)
She likes the guy is the independent clause

8. Noun Dependent Clause (n dep cl)
A subordinate (dependent) clause used as a noun
It can be
Subject
Direct object
Predicate noun
Object of the preposition
Indirect object

9. SENTENCE TYPES Simple Sentence: (s): one independent clause
Compound Sentence: (cd): two or more independent clauses
Complex Sentence: (cx): one independent clause + one or more dependent clauses
Compound-Complex Sentence: (ccx): two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

10. one independent clause
Simple Sentence: (s)
one independent clause

11. Compound Sentence: (cd)
two or more independent clauses

12. Complex Sentence: (cx)
one independent clause + one or more dependent clauses

13. Compound-Complex Sentence: (ccx)
two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

14. SENTENCE PURPOSE
Declarative: makes a statement and ends with a period (dec)
Interrogative: asks a question and ends in a question mark (int)
Imperative: gives a command and ends in a period (imp) (often has the understood “you” as its subject)
Exclamatory: expresses strong feelings and ends in an exclamation point (exc) (the above sentences can all be exclamatory as well)

15. asks a question and ends in a question mark (int)
Interrogative:
asks a question and ends in a question mark (int)

16. Imperative:
gives a command and ends in a period (imp) (often has the understood “you” as its subject)

17. Exclamatory:
expresses strong feelings and ends in an exclamation point (exc) (the above sentences can all be exclamatory as well)

18. Declarative:
makes a statement and ends with a period (dec)