1. Sentence Combining

2. Sentence Combining
Compound Sentences

3. Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions join two or more complete sentences into one, longer compound sentence.
They join two complete thoughts, and they must be used with a comma.
Look at the previous sentence.
See how a comma comes before the conjunction? That's how they are used.
Remember the coordinating conjunctions with the expression: fanboys.

4. Coordinating Conjunctions
, for = a reason
, and = equal idea or time order
, nor = negative choice or alternative
, but = contrast
, or = choice
, yet = contrast
, so = a result

5. Combining Sentences: Using Coordinating Conjunctions to Create Compound Sentences
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses.
(Remember, an independent clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb that also expresses a complete thought.)
subj. verb
Example: Mary hit the ball. { independent clause }
She ran to first base. { independent clause }
subj. verb

6. Combining Sentences: Using Coordinating Conjunctions to Create Compound Sentences
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses.
Method 1: Two independent clauses can be joined together with a comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) to create a compound sentence.
{ independent clause }
subj. verb
Example: Mary hit the ball, and she ran to first base.
subj. verb

7. Adverbial Conjunctions (Conjunctive Adverbs)
Adverbial conjunctions join two or more complete sentences into one, longer sentence.
They join two complete thoughts; however, they must be used with a semicolon and a comma.
Look at the previous sentence.
See how a comma semicolon comes before the adverbial conjunction and the comma comes after it? That's how they are used.
Remember the adverbial conjunctions with the expression: hotshotcat.

8. Adverbial Conjunctions (Conjunctive Adverbs)
; however, = contrast
; otherwise, = conditional
; therefore, = reason or result
; similarly, = to compare
; hence, = for a reason
; on the other hand, = contrast
; then = addition or reason
; consequently, = reason or result
; also, = in addition
; thus = reason or result

9. Combining Sentences: Using Adverbial Conjunctions to Create Compound Sentences
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses.
Method 2: Two independent clauses can be joined together with a semicolon, a comma and an adverbial conjunction (HOTSHOTCAT) to create a compound sentence.
{ independent clause }
subj. verb
Example: Mary hit the ball; hence, she ran to first base.
subj. verb

10. Combining Sentences: Using a Semicolon to Create Compound Sentences
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses.
Method 3: Two independent clauses can be joined together with a semicolon to create a compound sentence.
{ independent clause }
subj. verb
Example: Mary hit the ball; she ran to first base.
subj. verb

11. Sentence Combining
Complex Sentences

12. Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions join together two independent thoughts but show a relationship between them by making one of the independent thoughts subordinate.
When complex sentences are created, they make one thought dependent on another independent thought.
Look at the previous sentence.
See how a comma comes after the subordinating clause? That's how they are used.
Remember the subordinating conjunctions with the expression: batwashtub.
There are 4 criteria to apply in determing the subject of a sentence.

13. Subordinating Conjunctions
Because = as a result
After = time order
Though = contrast
When/while = time order
Although = contrast
Since = as a result
How = relative pronoun
That = relative pronoun
Until = time order
Before = time order

14. beginning with a subordinating clause
Combining Sentences: Using Subordinating Conjunctions to Create Complex Sentences
Subordinating conjunctions can be used in four ways to create complex sentences.
beginning with a subordinating clause
ending with a subordinating clause
using an essential relative clause
using a nonessential relative clause

15. Combining Sentences: Using Subordinating Conjunctions to Create Complex Sentences
A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses which combine ideas of unequal value.
Method 1: Subordinating dependent clauses can be used to begin complex sentences.
{ dependent clause } subj. verb
Example: After Mary hit the ball, she ran to first base.
subj. verb { independent clause }
(Notice that a comma follows the dependent clause.)

16. Combining Sentences: Using Subordinating Conjunctions to Create Complex Sentences
A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses which combine ideas of unequal value.
Method 2: Subordinating dependent clauses can be used to end complex sentences.
{ independent clause } subj. verb
Example: Mary ran to first base after she hit the ball.
subj. verb { dependent clause }
(No comma is necessary.)

17. Combining Sentences: Using Relative Clauses to Create Complex Sentences
A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses which combine ideas of unequal value.
Method 3: A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun such as who, that or which. An essential relative clause can be used to create complex sentences.
subj. verb { dependent clause }
Mary was the player who hit the ball and ran to first base.
{ independent clause } subj. verb verb
(Note: If the relative clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence, no commas are needed.)

18. Combining Sentences: Using Relative Clauses to Create Complex Sentences
A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses which combine ideas of unequal value.
Method 4: A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun such as who, that or which. An nonessential relative clause can be used to create complex sentences.
subj. { dependent clause }. verb
Example: John, who hit the ball, ran to first base.
{ independent clause } subj. verb { independent clause }
(Note: If the relative clause is not essential to the meaning of the sentence, it is set off with commas .)

19. Compound-Complex Sentences
Sentence Combining
Compound-Complex Sentences

20. Combining Sentences: Using Coordinating, Subordinating & Adverbial Conjunctions to Create Compound-Complex Sentences
A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Method 1: A compound-complex sentence usually begins with a dependent clause followed by two independent clauses.
{ dependent clause } subj. verb
Example: After Mary hit the ball, she ran to first base,
subj. verb { independent clause }
{ independent clause }
and she finally stopped at second base.
subj Verb
(Note: A comma is place after the dependent clause and before the coordinating conjunction between the two independent clauses.)

21. Combining Sentences: Using Coordinating, Subordinating & Adverbial Conjunctions to Create Compound-Complex Sentences
A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Method 2: A compound-complex sentence can begin with two independent clauses followed with a dependent clause.
{ independent clause } subj. verb
Example: Mary hit the ball, and she ran to first base
subj. verb { independent clause }
{ dependent clause }
before she finally stopped at second base.
subj verb
(Note: A comma is placed before the coordinating conjunction between the two independent clauses.)

22. Combining Sentences: Using Coordinating, Subordinating & Adverbial Conjunctions to Create Compound-Complex Sentences
A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Method 3: A compound-complex sentence can consist of two independent clauses and a relative dependent clause.
subj. verb {independent clause}
Example: Mary, who hit the ball, ran to first base, but
subj {relative clause } verb
{ independent clause }
she finally stopped at second base.
subj verb
(Note: Commas set off the relative clause because it is nonessential, and comma is placed before the coordinating conjunction between the two independent clauses.)