Phonetics Class # 2 Chapter 6

Homework (Ex. 1 – page 268)  Judge [d ] or [ ǰ ]  Thomas [t]  Though [ ð ]  Easy [i]  Pneumonia [n]  Thought [ θ ]  Contact [k]  Phone [f]  Civic[s]  Usual [j]

Homework – Ex. 2 (page 269)  Fleece[s]  Neigh[e]  Long [ ŋ ]  Health [ θ ]  Watch[t ] or [č]  Cow[aw]  Rough[f]  Cheese[z]  Bleached[t]  Rags[z] or [s]

Speech Production  Some technical jargon in speech production (p.241):  lipsteethtongue  alveolar ridge: bony ridge right behind the upper teeth;  palate: the bony dome constituting the roof of the mouth;  velum: the soft tissue right behind the palate;  uvula: the soft appendage hanging off the velum;  glottis: the opening between the vocal cords

Speech Production  Speech is produced by pushing air from the lungs up through the vocal tract and manipulating several variables at the same time. Whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating; Whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating; Whether the velum is raised or lowered; Whether the velum is raised or lowered; Whether or not the air flow is stopped or impeded at some point between the lips and the larynx. Whether or not the air flow is stopped or impeded at some point between the lips and the larynx.

Classification of Speech Sounds  Vowels and consonants. Speech sounds can be divided into vowels and consonants depending on whether air is obstructed in the process of producing the sound. Speech sounds can be divided into vowels and consonants depending on whether air is obstructed in the process of producing the sound. Obstruction involved  consonantsObstruction involved  consonants Obstruction not involved  vowelsObstruction not involved  vowels Obstruction partially involved (Semivowels)  usually considered consonants ([j], [w])Obstruction partially involved (Semivowels)  usually considered consonants ([j], [w])

Consonants  3 aspects of consonant production: a) Place of articulation (where in the mouth the airflow restriction occurs) b) Manner of articulation (how the airflow is modified (completely or partially blocked) by the vocal tract) c) Voicing (whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating)

Place of articulation  [p], [b], [m], [w]  Bilabials (both lips together)  [f], [v]  Labiodentals (Produce them by touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth)  [ θ ] [ ð ]  Interdentals (Produce them by inserting the tip of the tongue b/w the upper and lower teeth)

Place of articulation  [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l] [r]  Alveolars ( Produce them by raising the front part of the tongue to the alveolar ridge  [ š ] [ž] [č] [ ǰ ] [j]  Palatals ( Produce them by raising the front part of the tongue to a point on the hard palate)

Place of articulation  [k] [g] [ŋ ]  Velars ( Produce them by raising the back of the tongue to the velum (soft palate))  [h]  Glottal (Produce it by raising the tongue and lips in the position for the production of the following vowel)

Exercise for “ place of articulation ” For each of the following pairs of sounds, state whether they have the same or a different PLACE OF ARTICULATION. a) [k] : [ ŋ] g) [f] : [h] b) [s] : [l]h) [w] : [j] c) [p] : [g]i) [b] : [f] d) [l] : [r]j) [č] : [ ǰ ] e) [m] : [n]k) [s] : [v] f) [ ǰ ] : [ š ] l) [ θ ] : [t]

Exercise for “ place of articulation ” a) [s] : [l] alveolar(same) b) [k] : [ ŋ ]velar (same) c) [p] : [g]bilabial : velar (different) d) [l] : [r]alveolar(same) e) [m] : [n]bilabial : alveolar (different) f) [ ǰ ] : [ š ] palatal (same) g) [f] : [h]labiodental : glottal (different) h) [w] : [j]bilabial : palatal (different) i) [b] : [f] bilabial : labiodental (different) j) [č] : [ ǰ ] palatal(same) k) [s] : [v]alveolar : labiodental (different) l) [ θ ] : [t]interdental : alveolar (different)

Manner of articulation  [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]  Stops (the airflow is completely blocked)  [f] [v] [ θ ] [ ð ] [s] [z] [ š ] [ž] [h]  Fricatives (The airflow is partially blocked and causes friction)  [m], [n], [ ŋ ]  Nasal (sound coming out of the nose)

Manner of articulation  [č] [ ǰ ]  Affricates (The airflow is completely blocked and causes friction)  The sound is a sequence of a stop plus a fricative: [t] + [ š ] = [č] [d] + [ž] = [ ǰ ]  [l] [r]  Liquids (The airflow is partially blocked and causes no friction)

Manner of articulation  [w] [j]  Glides (These sounds are followed or preceded by a vowel)  They are transitional sounds (sometimes called semivowels)

Voicing  Voiced consonants: involving vibration 15: [b] [d] [g] [v] [ ð ] [z] [ž] [ ǰ ] [m] [n] [ ŋ ] [l] [r] [w] [j ] 15: [b] [d] [g] [v] [ ð ] [z] [ž] [ ǰ ] [m] [n] [ ŋ ] [l] [r] [w] [j ]  Voiceless consonants: involving no vibration 9: [p, t, k, f, θ, s, š, h, č]

bilabial labio- dental inter- dental alveolarpalatalvelarglottal StopVoicelessVoicedpbtdkg NasalVoicelessVoicedmn ŋ FricativeVoicelessVoicedfvθðszšžh AffricateVoicelessVoicedčǰ GlideVoicelessVoicedwj LiquidVoicelessVoiced l, r Phonetic symbols for American English Consonants (p. 251)

Consonant description  We can state explicitly the 'address' of a consonant on the chart (p.251): voicing + place + manner (three-part) voicing + place + manner (three-part) E.g., [f]: voiceless labiodental fricativeE.g., [f]: voiceless labiodental fricative [v]: voiced labiodental fricative [ š ]: voiceless palatal fricative

Consonant description Ex. 1: Provide the appropriate three-part articulatory descriptions for the consonant sounds represented by the following symbols: 1. [ p ] 2. [ n ] 3. [ ǰ ] 4. [ g ] 5. [ b ] 6. [ k ]

Answers for references Ex. 1: Provide the appropriate three-part articulatory descriptions for the consonant sounds represented by the following symbols: 1. [p] voiceless bilabial stop 2. [n] voiced alveolar nasal 3. [ ǰ ] voiced palatal affricate 4. [g] voiced velar stop 5. [b] voiced bilabial stop 6. [k] voiceless velar stop

Consonant description Ex. 2: Provide the phonetic symbol representing each of the following sounds (don ’ t forget to use square brackets): 1. Voiced labiodental fricative: 2. Voiceless palatal affricate: 3. Voiced velar nasal: 4. Voiceless glottal fricative: 5. Voiced interdental fricative: 6. Voiced palatal fricative: 7. Voiced alveolar nasal:

Answers for references: Ex. 2: Provide the phonetic symbol representing each of the following sounds (don ’ t forget to use square brackets): 1. Voiced labiodental fricative: [v] 2. Voiceless palatal affricate: [č] 3. Voiced velar nasal: [ ŋ ] 4. Voiceless glottal fricative: [h] 5. Voiced interdental fricative: [ ð ] 6. Voiced palatal fricative: [ž] 7. Voiced alveolar nasal: [n]