Child Development Laura E. Berk 8th edition Chapter 1 History, Theory, and Applied Directions This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Please add photo of Book Cover Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Domains of Development Physical Cognitive Emotional and Social Family Life Royalty Free CD Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Periods of Development Prenatal Conception to birth Infancy and Toddlerhood Birth to 2 years Early Childhood 2 to 6 years Middle Childhood 6 to 11 years Adolescence 11 to 18 years Emerging Adulthood 18 to 25 years Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Theory An orderly, integrated, evidence-based set of statements that Describes Explains Predicts behavior DigitalVision Royalty Free Stock Photography Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Basic Issues in Development Continuous or discontinuous? One course of development or many? Nature or nurture? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Continuous or Discontinuous Development Figure 1.2 - Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Contexts of Development Unique combinations of: Genetics Environment Can result in different paths of development Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Nature and Nurture Nature Inborn, biological givens Based on genetic inheritance Nurture Physical and social world Influence biological and psychological development Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Resilient Children What factors offer protection from the damaging effect of stressful lives? High intelligence and socially endowed talents, including temperament A warm parental relationship Social support outside the immediate family Community resources and opportunities Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Historical Views of Childhood Medieval Era and Earlier Childhood (to age 7 or 8) regarded as separate phase with special needs 16th Century Puritan “child depravity” views 17th Century John Locke’s “tabula rasa” or “blank slate” view 18th Century Jean Jacques Rousseau’s “noble savages” view Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Key Principles of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Natural Selection, or Survival of the Fittest Species have characteristics that are adapted—or fit— to their environments. Individuals best adapted to their environments survive to reproduce. Their genes are passed to later generations. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Early Scientific Study of Development Baby Biographies Day-to-day impressions of a child’s behavior Normative Approach Age-related averages Based on measurements of large numbers of people Mental Testing Movement Simon & Binet: Early developers of intelligence tests James Mark Baldwin Developmental theorist Nature and nurture of equal importance Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality Id Largest portion of the mind Unconscious, present at birth Source of biological needs & desires Ego Conscious, rational part of mind Emerges in early infancy Redirects id impulses acceptably Superego The conscience Develops from ages 3 to 6, from interactions with caregivers Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Basic trust vs. mistrust Birth–1 year Identity vs. identity confusion Adolescence Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 1–3 years Intimacy vs. isolation Emerging Adulthood Initiative vs. guilt 3–6 years Generativity vs. stagnation Adulthood Industry vs. inferiority 6–11 years Integrity vs. despair Old Age Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Behaviorism and Social Learning Classical Conditioning Stimulus – Response Operant Conditioning Reinforcers and Punishments Social Learning Modeling Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Birth–2 years Preoperational 2–7 years Concrete Operational 7–11 years Formal Operational 11 years and older Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Information-Processing Flowchart Figure 1.3 - Information-processing flowchart showing the steps that a 5-year-old used to solve a bridge-building problem. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between the brain and the developing child’s cognitive processing and behavior patterns. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Ethology and Evolutionary Psychology Critical Periods Sensitive Periods Evolutionary Developmental Psychology Adaptive Value of behavior to the species DigitalVision Royalty Free Stock Photography Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Ethology - Sensitive Period An optimal time for certain capacities to emerge Individual is especially responsive to environment Development is hard to induce later Boundaries less defined than a critical period Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Evolutionary Developmental Psychology Seeks to understand adaptive value of human competencies Studies cognitive, emotional and social competencies and change with age Expands upon ethology Artville Royalty Free Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Transmission of culture to a new generation Beliefs, customs, skills Social interaction necessary to learn culture Cooperative dialogue with more knowledgeable members of society Royalty Free Stock Photography Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Ecological Systems Theory Structure of the Environment Figure 1.4 - Structure of the environment in ecological systems theory. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

An Ever-Changing System Bronfenbrenner: chronosystem Children are both products and producers of their environment. Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

The Dynamic Systems View Of Development Figure 1.5 The Dynamic Systems View of Development Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Social Policy Planned set of actions By a group, institution or governing body To attain a social goal Public Policy Laws and other government social policy programs Royalty Free Stock Photography Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Indicators of Children’s Health and Well-Being U.S. Rank Canadian Rank Childhood Poverty 23 16 Infant Death 26 Teen Pregnancy 28 21 Education Spending 10 6 Health Spending 4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Individualist and Collectivist Societies People define themselves as part of a group. Concerned with group goals over individual goals. Individualist People think of themselves as separate from others. Concerned with personal goals. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Looking Toward the Future Justification for child oriented policies: Children are the future Humanitarian grounds—children have basic rights as human beings Convention on the Rights of the Child Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.