HLT31507 CERTIFICATE III IN NUTRITION & DIETETIC ASSISTANCE CHAPTER 1 THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION delivered by: Mary-Louise Dieckmann

What is Anatomy & Physiology What is Anatomy? The study of the structures of the body What is Physiology? The study of the functions of the structures of the body

Areas of Anatomical Studies Gross Anatomy – Study of structures visible to naked eye Systemic Anatomy – Study of body systems Regional Anatomy – Study of specific body part ie. The knee

Areas of Anatomical Studies Microscopic Anatomy – Can only be viewed with a microscope Cytology – Study of cells Histology – Study of tissues

Levels of structural organisation in the body

Levels of structural organisation

Integumentary and Skeletal Systems

Muscular and Nervous Systems

Cardiovascular and Endocrine Systems

Lymphatic and Respiratory Systems

Digestive and Urinary Systems

Reproductive System

Homeostasis The internal environment of the body is maintained within narrow limits and this fairly constant state is called “homeostasis”. This term means “unchanging” but in practice it describes a dynamic, ever changing situation kept within narrow limits. When this balance is lost or threatened, there is a serious risk to the well being of the individual (Marieb, 2012).

Factors maintained by homeostasis include: Temperature Water and electrolyte concentrations Acidity (pH) Glucose levels Oxygen and Carbon dioxide levels Blood Pressure

Putting it together:

Negative Feedback This process is called “feedback” Most events in the body are maintained by negative feedback. Examples – body temperature, blood glucose levels and blood calcium levels. The body registers a ‘stimulus’ and puts processes into place to reduce or shut off that stimulus – ie. rising BGL’s

Positive Feedback Positive feedback – Increases the original stimulus to push the variable further – In the body this occurs in blood clotting and the birth of a baby

The Anatomical Position To avoid confusion when describing parts of the body it is always assumed that the body is in the “anatomical position”. Note that the body is standing erect with the palms of the hands held unnaturally forward with thumbs pointing away from the body.

Planes of the Body Imaginary planes that split the body into sections They serve as a point of reference by naming the direction from which the body is being viewed Midsagital - divides the body from head to foot into right and left halves. Frontal – divides the body from head to foot into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. Transverse – divides the body into superior (above) and inferior (below portions)

More terms we need to know Supine – lying down with the head and face upwards Prone – lying down with the face downwards

REVIEW QUESTIONS: 1.Which is most distal – elbow or wrist? 2.Which is most lateral – hipbone or umbilicus? 3.Which is most superior – nose or chin? 4.Which is inferior – clavicle or pelvis? 5.Which is proximal – ilium or patella? 6.Which is anterior – spine or heart? 7.Which is posterior – heel, foot or toes? 8.Which is medial – sternum or ribs?

Body Cavities A cavity is any hollow space. Body cavities serve to confine organs and systems that have similar functions. Two major cavities are the dorsal and ventral cavity. Look at the diagram (next slide) What organs do you think each of these cavities contain?

Body Cavities Dorsal cavity – contains cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity ( spinal cord) Ventral cavity – contains thoracic cavity (lungs, heart), abdominopelvic cavity (stomach, liver, intestines and reproductive organs, bladder and rectum).

Review If you were standing in the Anatomical Position, how would you be positioned? A.Lying face down on a flat surface with palms on your thighs B.Lying flat on your pack with the palms of your hands flat on the floor C.Standing erect with the palms of your hands facing forward D.Standing erect with the palms of your hands facing backwards Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? A.Mid-sagittal B.Transverse C.Frontal D.Medial

Review A directional term that means away from the mid-line of the body is? A.Medial B.Distal C.Lateral D.Proximal Which of the following structures are lateral to the nose? A.Mouth B.Ears C.Chin D.Eyes

Review What structures does the dorsal cavity contain? A.Ribs, Heart and Lungs B.Brain and Spinal Cord C.Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Spleen D.Reproductive Organs, Bladder and Bowel A cut that divides the body into equal left and right sides is? A.Mid-sagittal B.Transverse C.Frontal D.Medial

1.The word medial indicates nearness to the center of the body. 2.The term proximal means away from the point of origin 3.Use directional terms to complete the following statements a.The wrist is……………..to the hand b.The sternum is……………to the spine c.The brain is …………………….to the spinal cord. d.The elbow is…………….to the shoulder. e.The umbilicus is………………….to the hips.

References: Jonas, W.B. (2005). Mosby’s Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Michigan, USA: Elsevier Mosby retrieved 24 January 2012 from: Marieb, E.N. (2012). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, (10th ed.). San Francisco, USA: Pearson International. Marieb, E.N. (2009). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, (9th ed.). San Francisco, USA: Pearson International. Marieb, E.N. (2003). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, (8th ed.). San Francisco, USA: Pearson International.