1. Introduction to the Human Body
Chapter 1:
Introduction to the Human Body

2. Anatomy or physiology
The skull and vertebral column is part of the axial skeleton.
The cerebral cortex consists of 4 lobes: frontal , parietal, temporal, occipital
Skeletal muscles pull on bones, creating forces that produce body motion
The stomach, small intestine, and large intestine are chambers of the digestive tract.

3. Anatomy or physiology?
Receptors of the eye and ear detect environmental changes for the respective senses of vision and hearing.
Antidiuretic hormone, secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates water reabsorbtion in the kidney.

4. Anatomy and Physiology
Study of structure or morphology of the body.
Physiology
The study of how the body works or functions
Pathophysiology – how a body part functions when a person has a disease

5. II. Levels of Organization
From simple to complex
Atom
molecule
Large molecules
Cells – basic unit of life
Tissues – groups of specialized cells
Organs – has a specific function
Organ systems – groups of organs
Human organism

6. III. Organs and Organ systems
Major organ systems

7. Integument System Skin, hair and nails Protection
Regulate body temperature
Sense of touch

8. Skeletal System Bones, joints, cartilage
Protects and supports body organs

9. Muscular System
Responsible for movement of skeleton
posture

10. Nervous System Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
Integration and coordination
Regulation and response

11. Endocrine System Glands
                                                                                           
Glands
Secrete hormones and chemicals to regulate body activities

12. Circulatory System
Heart and blood vessels
Transports blood

13. Lymphatic System
Lymph nodes
Defend the body
immunity

14.                                                     
Respiratory System
Lungs
Exchange of gases with the environment

15. Digestive System Convert food to nutrients Absorb nutrients
Eliminate waste

16. Urinary System
Kidneys
Excrete waste
Formation of urine

17. Reproductive System
Enable the human to reproduce

18. Homeostasis:
Maintenance of a constant condition in the internal environment
Internal environment: extra cellular fluid surrounding our cells
Homois = same, stasis= standing
Examples: body temperature, water balance, ion balance, glucose levels, pH

19. Maintaining Homeostasis
Nervous System and the endocrine system
Negative Feedback Response – a stimulus is met by a response that reverses the trend of the stimulus

20. Component of internal environment
Receptors:
Detect stimuli, deviation from normal
Regulatory mechanisms

21. Negative Feedback Response

22. Directional Terminology
Anatomical Terms
Directional Terminology

23. Anatomical Position Face Forward Arms at side Palms forward
Feet forward

24. 1. Prone and Supine Supine: lying face up Prone: lying face down
Referring to hand – palms forward
Prone: lying face down
Referring to hand – palms are back

25. 2. Anterior (ventral) vs. Posterior (dorsal)
Anterior - Referring to front of body
Posterior – back side of body

26. Superior vs. inferior Superior – refers to structures above another
Inferior – refers to a structure below another

27. Medial vs. Lateral Medial – located closer to midline
Lateral – located away from midline

28. Proximal vs. distal Proximal – located closer to the point of origin
Distal – located away or “distant” from the point of origin.

29. Body Planes: Sagittal: Vertically through the body
Divides body into left and right portions

30. Frontal or Coronal Plane
Extends vertically
Perpendicular to sagittal plane
Divides body into anterior and posterior halves

31. Transverse Plane or Horizontal plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

32. Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity
Cranial cavity – superior, hollow portion of skull, brain located
Spinal cavity – contains the spinal cord, vertebrae make up cavity

33. Ventral Body Cavity Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity
Superior to diaphragm
Contents: Plural cavity (lungs)
Mediastinum – chest cavity space
Contents: pericardial cavity (heart), upper respiratory tract, esophagus, major blood vessels, thymus gland

34. Ventral Body Cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Inferior to diaphragm
Abdominal cavity: stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen. Pancreas, small intestine, part of large intestine

35. Ventral Body Cavity Abdominopelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity: rest of large intestine, bladder, rectum, reproductive organs