1. Standard
The learner will be able to define anatomy, gross anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology.
The learner will be able to explain the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
The learner will be able to define body planes, directional terms, quadrants, and cavities.

2. The human body is an efficient, organized machine.
Disease occurs when the machine does not function correctly.
Health care workers must understand normal function of the body before understanding the disease process.

3. Vocabulary
anatomy -The study of the form and structure of an organism.
gross anatomy - The study of the organs, parts, and structures of a body that are visible to the naked eye.
physiology - The study of the processes of living organisms, or how and why they work.
pathophysiology - The study of how disease occurs and response of the body to disease process.

4. cell -The basic unit of structure and function in all living things.
organelle - A differentiated structure within a cell that performs a specific function.
tissue - A group of similar cells acting together to perform one or more specific functions in the body. There are four basic types of tissue.

5. Epithelial Tissue
Covers the surface of the body and main tissue in skin.
Forms lining of intestinal, respiratory and urinary tract, and other body cavities.
Forms body glands

6. Connective Tissue Soft Connective Tissue 2 types Adipose/Fatty Tissue
Stores fat as a reserve source of energy
Insulates/provides padding
Fibrous Tissue
Ligaments/Tendons
Help keep body structure
together

7. Connective Tissue

8. Nerve Tissue Made of special cells called neurons
Transmit messages throughout the body
Make up nerves, brain, and spinal cord

9. Muscle Tissue Produces power and movement by contraction of muscle fibers Three Main Types
Skeletal: attaches to bone and provides movement.
Cardiac: causes the heart to beat.
Visceral (smooth): in walls of many organs such as digestive tract and blood vessels.

10. organ -Two or more tissues join together for a specific function.
Examples: heart, stomach, lungs
organ system -Organs and other parts join together for a particular function.
Examples: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary or excretory, endocrine, and reproductive

11. Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

12. Summary
Cell: Basic unit if structure and function of all living things
Cells combine to form tissues
4 Tissue types: Epithelial. Connective (soft and hard), Nerve, Muscle (skeletal, cardiac, visceral)
Tissues combine to form organs
Organs combine to form organ systems (integumentary,skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, and reproductive)
Systems work together to create the miracle of the human body

13. Body Planes, Directions, and Cavities

14. anatomical position - The standard anatomical reference point is the body position in which the trunk is erect or straight with the arms and feet slightly apart with palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body.

15. body plane - An imaginary flat surface that divides the body or a part of the body into two parts; the standard perspectives for such sections in anatomical imaging are the sagittal, frontal, and transverse (cross) sections.

16. sagittal plane
The median (mid-sagittal) plane passes vertically through the middle of the body, dividing it equally into left and right halves.

17. frontal plane
A flat vertical plane passing through the body from side to side, dividing it into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves.

18. transverse plane
A plane passing horizontally through the body, dividing it into upper and lower halves or (superior & inferior).

20. Orientation and Directional Terms

21. Superior means upper or above.
Inferior means lower or below.
Cranial means towards the skull.
Caudal means toward the “tail.”

22. Orientation and Directional Terms:

25. Two other directional terms you need to know are proximal and distal.
Body parts close to a reference point are said to be proximal. (Think of the word approximate, near, close.)
Body parts further from a reference point are said to be distal. (Think of the word distance, far.)

26. Example: If our point of reference is the shoulder, and we want to describe the relationships of the wrist and elbow, we can say that the wrist is distal and the elbow is proximal.
Shoulder – point of reference
Elbow – proximal (nearer, closer)
Wrist – distal (further)

27. Contralateral – on the opposite side
Ipsilateral – on the same side
Example: My appendix is ipsilateral to my ascending colon, but it is contralateral to my descending colon.
Descending Colon
Ascending Colon
APPENDIX

28. Abdominal Quadrants

29. Epigastric and Umbilical Regions

30. Body Cavities:  
The body cavities house the organs, which are called visceral organs, or viscera.  

31. http:www. nlm. nih. gov/visibleproofs/galleries/media/autopsy/index