1. The Human Body
Ch. 1

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – the study of structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another.
Greek origin, cut (tomy) apart (ana).
Physiology – the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
Short version – Structure and Function.

3. Levels of Organization
Cells – smallest living thing
Tissues – group of cells with common function
Organs – made of two or more tissue types and has a specific function.
Organ systems – group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose.
Organism – Living thing

4. Anatomical Position Person standing, feet forward.
Arms extended to the sides, palms facing forward.

5. Body Planes 1. Sagittal
Sagittal planes cut the body lengthwise from the head to toe.
Midsagittal is when the body is cut in half so that the right and the left are equal

6. 2. Coronal
AKA frontal plane – cuts the body into anterior and posterior sections (front and back)

7. 3. Transverse
Cuts the body into superior and inferior sections (above and below).
AKA cross section

9. Surface Anatomy

10. Organ Systems 1. Integumentary System
External Covering – skin
Waterproofs and protects from deep injury
Regulates temp – sweat
Temp, pressure, and pain receptors

11. 2. Skeletal System Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, and Joints
Point of attachment for skeletal muscles.
Protection for internal organs
Formation of Blood Cells
Stores minerals

12. 3. Muscular System One function – Contract (shorten)
“Machines” of the body
Separate from organ muscles such as the heart and bladder

13. 4. Nervous System Fast-acting control system.
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
Body must be able to react to changing conditions!

14. 5. Endocrine System Controls body using hormones.
Include a number of glands around the body.

16. 6. Cardiovascular System
Heart and blood vessels – transport and pump blood
Blood - transfers nutrients and other materials
White Blood Cells – WBC – protect from invaders.

17. 7. Lymphatic System Complements the cardio system.
Returns fluids to the blood that leaked out.
Lymph nodes clean the blood

18. 8. Respiratory System
Supply Oxygen, expel Carbon Dioxide.

19. 9. Digestive System Hollow tube that runs from the mouth to the anus.
Role – break down food and absorb nutrients.
Undigested material passes as feces.

20. 10. Urinary System
Removes wastes that are produced as by-products of cellular activity
Urine removes the excess nitrogen from your body
Also regulates water and salt levels in the body

21. 11. Reproductive System
Primarily used to produce offspring.

23. Systems Work Together
These aforementioned systems do not work alone, each of them work together for the common good, keeping the body alive and functioning properly.

24. Directional Terms Superior – above/toward the head
Inferior – below/away from the head
Anterior – toward the front
Posterior – toward the back
Medial – toward the middle
Lateral – away from the middle
Intermediate – not medial not lateral
Proximal – Closer to the origin
Distal – Further from the origin
Superficial – surface
Deep – Pretty self explanatory.

25. Homeostasis
The bodies ability to maintain a stable internal environment, even when the outside environment is constantly changing.
Most human diseases are due to an imbalance in homeostasis of some kind.

26. Body Cavities 1. Dorsal Cavity
Dorsal cavity is made up of the space that contains both your brain (cranial Cavity) and your spine (spinal cavity)

27. Ventral Cavity
Ventral cavity is made up the thoracic cavity (lungs) and the abdominopelvic cavity (stomach, liver, etc).
Ventral cavity is split by the diaphragm.