Cold War

Origins of Cold War World War II sets stage for Cold War World War II sets stage for Cold War U.S. and Soviet Union emerge as competing super powers U.S. and Soviet Union emerge as competing super powers –U.S= democracy and capitalism –USSR= dictatorship and communism Competition and rivalry between the two lead to the development of a period of hostility known as the COLD WAR Competition and rivalry between the two lead to the development of a period of hostility known as the COLD WAR

Cold War Begins Soviet influence spread into Eastern Europe Soviet influence spread into Eastern Europe –Communist governments created under Soviet influence  Known as Soviet Satellite states U.S. feared that communism would spread into Western Europe as well U.S. feared that communism would spread into Western Europe as well Developed a policy known as Containment Developed a policy known as Containment

Truman Doctrine Harry Truman (President of U.S) stated that the U.S. would aid any nation threatened by communist expansion Harry Truman (President of U.S) stated that the U.S. would aid any nation threatened by communist expansion –“arsenal of democracy”

Marshall Plan U.S. began investing money in Western Europe to rebuild their economy U.S. began investing money in Western Europe to rebuild their economy –Strong economies are less susceptible to communist influence Policy for rebuilding Europe became known as the Marshall Plan Policy for rebuilding Europe became known as the Marshall Plan –Example: U.S. spent $400 million protecting Greece and Turkey from Communist control

Iron Curtain Soon, Europe seemed to be divided Soon, Europe seemed to be divided –One side= Soviet influence –Other side= U.S. influence Winston Churchill (PM of G.B) declared that an “IRON CURTAIN” had descended upon Europe Winston Churchill (PM of G.B) declared that an “IRON CURTAIN” had descended upon Europe

Cold War Begins Conflict over how to rebuild Europe after WWII Conflict over how to rebuild Europe after WWII Germany split among the Allies Germany split among the Allies –West Germany = France, G.B., and U.S –East Germany = Soviet Union (USSR) Berlin is also split into east and west halves Berlin is also split into east and west halves –Berlin is located on the Soviet side of Germany

Berlin Blockade 1948: Soviets blockade Berlin to keep U.S. from taking supplies to West Berlin 1948: Soviets blockade Berlin to keep U.S. from taking supplies to West Berlin U.S. flies in supplies for 11 months U.S. flies in supplies for 11 months –Known as the Berlin Airlift

Shocks of 1949 The Cold War heated up in 1949 The Cold War heated up in 1949 Soviets successfully detonated an atomic bomb Soviets successfully detonated an atomic bomb China became Communists China became Communists –Communists under the leadership of Mao Zedong overthrow Chiang Kai-Shek and create the People’s Republic of China  Chiang Kai-Shek flees to Taiwan (Formosa)

Cold War Alliances Also in 1949, the U.S., Canada and other Western European nations create a defensive alliance known as NATO Also in 1949, the U.S., Canada and other Western European nations create a defensive alliance known as NATO –North Atlantic Treaty Organization Soviet Union responds with its own alliance Soviet Union responds with its own alliance –Warsaw Pact Similar alliances were created in other areas of the world Similar alliances were created in other areas of the world

Korean War The Containment policy led to U.S. involvement in Korea The Containment policy led to U.S. involvement in Korea –After WWII, Allies removed Japanese troops from Korea and divided the nation at the 38 th Parallel  Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) divided the two –North Korea became communist and allied with the Soviet Union –South Korea tied to U.S.

Korean War June, 1950: North Korea invaded South Korea June, 1950: North Korea invaded South Korea –Planned to unite both under communist rule U.S, U.N., and SK troops pushed back advancing NK troops U.S, U.N., and SK troops pushed back advancing NK troops China feel threatened and demanded that they stop advancing – Chinese demands ignored China feel threatened and demanded that they stop advancing – Chinese demands ignored

Korean War Thanksgiving Day, 1950: 300,000 Chinese drove the U.N. troops back across the 38th Parallel Thanksgiving Day, 1950: 300,000 Chinese drove the U.N. troops back across the 38th Parallel General Douglas MacArthur (commander of U.S. troops) wanted to use the atomic bomb to win the war General Douglas MacArthur (commander of U.S. troops) wanted to use the atomic bomb to win the war President Truman refused and MacArthur forced to resign President Truman refused and MacArthur forced to resign

Korean War By 1951: U.N. forces pushed Chinese and NK back across the 38th Parallel By 1951: U.N. forces pushed Chinese and NK back across the 38th Parallel Armistice was signed July 1953 Armistice was signed July 1953 North and South Korea still divided at the 38 th Parallel North and South Korea still divided at the 38 th Parallel

Arms Race In the 1950’s, the U.S. began a rapid buildup of military In the 1950’s, the U.S. began a rapid buildup of military –Eisenhower elected in 1952  Wanted a strong military  Invested in nuclear weaponry New technologies such as: New technologies such as: –ICBM, B-52 Bombers

Brinkmanship Eisenhower willing to threaten nuclear war in attempt to force the other side to back down Eisenhower willing to threaten nuclear war in attempt to force the other side to back down Policy known as Brinkmanship Policy known as Brinkmanship

Race to Space Cold War also became a race to space Cold War also became a race to space 1957: Soviets launch Sputnik 1957: Soviets launch Sputnik U.S. fears they are falling behind U.S. fears they are falling behind Created NASA and increased funding for math, science education Created NASA and increased funding for math, science education

Covert Operations Spying and secret intelligence used by both sides to gather information Spying and secret intelligence used by both sides to gather information U.S. sent CIA to developing nations to prevent communist takeovers U.S. sent CIA to developing nations to prevent communist takeovers One such operation took place in Cuba One such operation took place in Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis One of the most tense times of the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis One of the most tense times of the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis 1959: Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba 1959: Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba –Became communist and allied with Soviet Union 1961: U.S. attempts to eliminate Castro in Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961: U.S. attempts to eliminate Castro in Bay of Pigs Invasion –failed

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962: Castro and Soviet Union agree that Cuba needed protection from the U.S. 1962: Castro and Soviet Union agree that Cuba needed protection from the U.S. –Soviets put missiles in Cuba –U.S. already had missiles in Turkey U.S. learns about missiles and blockade Cuba to prevent incoming ships from bringing additional weapons U.S. learns about missiles and blockade Cuba to prevent incoming ships from bringing additional weapons

Cuban Missile Crisis Kennedy (U.S. president) and Khruschev (Soviet leader) finally reach an agreement Kennedy (U.S. president) and Khruschev (Soviet leader) finally reach an agreement Soviets remove missiles from Cuba Soviets remove missiles from Cuba U.S. remove missiles from Turkey U.S. remove missiles from Turkey Compromise allows U.S. to narrowly avoid war Compromise allows U.S. to narrowly avoid war