Chapter 11 Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Establishment of Rome Legend of Romulus and Remus  Rome founded by Romulus 753 B.C.E. Indo-European migrants ca B.C.E. Bronze ca B.C.E.; iron ca. 900 B.C.E. 2 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Etruscans Originally from Anatolia Colonized Po River valley to Naples region Society declines late sixth century B.C.E.  Greek maritime attacks  Celtic invasions from north 3 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Kingdom of Rome Monarchy through seventh to sixth century B.C.E.  Streets, temples, public buildings Major center of trade routes 4 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Establishment of the Republic 509 B.C.E., Romans overthrow last Etruscan king Roman forum built Republican constitution Executive: two consuls Senate 5 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Social Conflict Patricians (aristocrats) Plebeians (commoners) Major class conflict, fifth century B.C.E. Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representation Rights expanded through third century B.C.E. Constitution allowed for dictators to be appointed in times of crisis 6 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Expansion of the Republic Dominated Etruscans Took over iron industry fifth to fourth century B.C.E. Expansion via military threat and incentives  Tax exemptions  Trade privileges  Citizenship 7 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Punic Wars Conflict with Carthage, B.C.E. Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply Later conflict with declining Hellenistic empires Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of second century B.C.E. 8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems Land distribution  Perennial problem  Development of large plantations, latifundia  Unfair competition for smaller landholders 9 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Expansion of the Roman Republic to 146 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

The Gracchi Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats Tiberius assassinated; Gaius executed Development of private armies made up of landless peasants  Gaius Marius (with reformers)  Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats) 11 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Civil War 87 B.C.E., Gaius Marius takes Rome Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out, 83 B.C.E. Reign of terror follows 12 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Julius Caesar Nephew of Marius Escapes Sulla’s terror  Relatively young, well-timed trip abroad Rises in popularity  Public spectacles, victories in Gaul Attacks Rome 49 B.C.E. Names self dictator for life in 46 B.C.E. 13 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Caesar’s Policies Centralized military, governance under personal control Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies Major building projects reduce urban unemployment Extended citizenship to provinces Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 B.C.E. 14 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Augustus Civil conflict follows death of Caesar Power belongs to Octavian Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra Takes title of Augustus, 27 B.C.E. 15 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Augustus’s Administration Monarchy disguised as a republic Increasing centralization of political, military power Stabilized empire Death in 14 C.E. 16 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Expansion and Integration of Empire Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas  Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources Developed infrastructure, cities emerge 17 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Roman Empire, ca. 117 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18

Pax Romana: “Roman Peace” C.E. Facilitated trade, communication Roadwork  Curbs  Drainage  Flat paving stones  Milestones  Postal service 19 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Roman Law Twelve Tables, 449 B.C.E. Adapted to diverse populations under Roman rule  Innocent until proven guilty  Right to challenge accusers in court 20 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Commercial Agriculture and Trade Latifundia: production for export Regional specialization increases Integration of empire-wide economy “Sailing itinerary of the Red Sea” 21 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The City of Rome Cash flow  Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce Massive construction projects  Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts Technology: concrete 22 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Roman Attractions Imported goods Underground sewage Circus Maximus  250,000 spectators Colosseum Gladiatorial games 23 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Family and Society Paterfamilias: “father of the family”  Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slavery Women not allowed to inherit property  Enforcement inconsistent 24 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Wealth and Social Change Newly rich challenge aristocracy Yet poor class increasing in size Distraction: “bread and circuses” 25 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Slavery Second century C.E.: estimated at one-third of empire’s population  Customary manumission at age 30 Agricultural work, quarries, mines Chain labor Revolt under Spartacus, 73 B.C.E. 26 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Roman Deities Polytheistic Major gods Tutelary deities Absorption of gods from other cultures 27 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cicero and Stoicism Marcus Tullius Cicero ( B.C.E.) Major orator, writer Influenced by Greek thought Proponent of Stoicism 28 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Mithraism From Zoroastrian myth: god of sun, light Roman version emphasizes strength, courage, discipline Women not admitted into cult Appealed to military Cult of Isis also popular 29 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Judaism in Early Rome Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures Refusal to recognize state gods Repeated Jewish rebellions Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in Jewish War (66-70 C.E.) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 30

Synagogue at Capernaum 31 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Essenes Messianic Jewish cult Baptism Ascetic lifestyle Dead Sea scrolls 32 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Jesus of Nazareth Jewish teacher Moral code, reputation for miracle-working Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify Jesus 33 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Jesus’ Early Followers Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature Title Christ: “anointed one” Teachings recorded in New Testament 34 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Paul of Tarsus Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles Traveled widely throughout the Roman empire Missionary activity 35 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Early Christian Communities Local leaders: bishops Regional variation in doctrine and ritual  Nature of resurrection  Role of women Gradual acceptance of core texts 36 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Growth of Early Christianity Roman persecution Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity  Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes Urban poor Women 37 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.