1. Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase
Chapter 10
Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

2. Classical Greece, B.C.E.

3. Persian Wars ( B.C.E.)
Revolt against Persian empire, 500 B.C.E., in Ionia
Athens supports with ships
Athenians rout Persian army in 490 B.C.E at battle of Marathon.

4. The Polis City-state – main political structure of ancient Greeks.
Highly independent character
Monarchies
“Tyrant,” not necessarily oppressive, usually general or politician who gained power by irregular means
Early democracies

5. Sparta Athens Highly militarized society Subjugated peoples: helots
Military society developed to control threat of rebellion
Athens
Development of early democracy
Contrast Athenian style of government with Spartan militarism

6. The Delian League The Peloponnesian War
Poleis create Delian League to forestall more Persian attacks
Led by Athens
The Peloponnesian War
Civil war in Greece, B.C.E.
Poleis allied with either Athens or Sparta

7. Kingdom of Macedon Frontier region to north of Peloponnesus
King Philip II (r B.C.E.) builds massive military
350 B.C.E., encroaches on Greek poleis to the south; controls region by 338 B.C.E.

9. Alexander of Macedon “Alexander the Great,” son of Philip II
Rapid expansion throughout Mediterranean basin
Invasion of Persia successful
Turned back in India when exhausted troops mutinied

10. Alexander’s Empire, ca. 323 B.C.E.

11. The Hellenistic Empires
After Alexander’s death, empire divided into three:
Antigonid
Ptolemic
Seleucid
Philosophers
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle

12. Greek Theology
Polytheism
Zeus principal god

13. Hellenistic Philosophies
Epicureans
Pleasure, distinct from Hedonists
Skeptics
Doubted possibility of certainty in anything
Stoics
Duty, virtue
Emphasis on inner peace

14. Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase
Chapter 11
Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

15. Social Conflict Patricians (aristocrats) Plebeians (commoners)
Major class conflict, fifth century B.C.E.
Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representation
Rights expanded through third century B.C.E.
Constitution allowed for dictators to be appointed in times of crisis

16. The Punic Wars Julius Caesar Conflict with Carthage, 264-146 B.C.E.
Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of second century B.C.E.
Julius Caesar
Rises in popularity
Public spectacles, victories in Gaul
Attacks Rome 49 B.C.E.
Names self dictator for life in 46 B.C.E.

17. The Roman Empire, ca. 117 C.E.

18. Pax Romana: “Roman Peace”
Facilitated trade, communication
Roadwork
Curbs
Drainage
Flat paving stones
Milestones
Postal service

19. Cross-Cultural Exchanges
Chapter 12:
Cross-Cultural Exchanges
on the
Silk Roads

20. Trade in the Hellenistic World
Bactria/India
Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, pearls
Persia, Egypt
Grain
Mediterranean
Wine, oil, jewelry, art
Development of professional merchant class

21. The Silk Roads 200 BCE – 30 CE

22. Diocletian (r CE)
Divided empire into two administrative districts
Co-Emperors, dual Lieutenants
“Tetrarchs”
Currency, budget reform
Relative stability disappears after Diocletian's death, civil war follows
Constantine emerges victorious

23. Fall of the Roman Empire: External Factors
Visigoths, influenced by Roman law, Christianity
Formerly buffer states for Roman Empire
Attacked by Huns under Attila in 5th c. CE
Massive migration of Germanic peoples into Roman Empire
The Visigoth Alaric sacked Rome in 410 CE, established Germanic emperor Odovacer in 476 CE

24. Internal Decay of the Han State
Formation of factions
Marriage alliances reduced effectiveness of central government
Problem of land distribution
Large landholders develop private armies
Epidemics
Peasant rebellions
184 CE Yellow Turban Rebellion