The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789 – 1815)

The French Revolution Begins

The French Revolution Begins Background to the Revolution France’s Three Estates Estates First Estate – Clergy Divided: Higher clergy Parish priests Second Estate – Nobles Played a crucial role in France Held leading positions Wealth (Nobles and Clergy) Taille Third Estate – Everyone else Peasants Middle class or Bourgeoisie Unhappy Nobles by appointment Louis XVI Urban craftspeople, shopkeepers, and workers

The French Revolution Begins Financial Crisis Collapse of the French budget Had been growing for 50 years: Bad harvests Slowdown in manufacturing Kings Americans Louis XVI Estates-General 1614

The French Revolution Begins From Estates-General to National Assembly Louis XVI Versailles First two Estates Third Estate Constitutional government Problems from the start: Voting The king June 17, 1789 National assembly and a constitution

The French Revolution Begins Three days later the Deputies of the 3rd Estate Tennis Court Oath Louis XVI July 14, 1789 Parisians Bastille French Guard Paris Revolts will begin to break out all over France The Great Fear Peasant

The French Revolution Begins End of the Old Regime Declaration of the Rights of Man The National Assembly August 14, 1789 August 26, 1789 and Citizen Enlightenment ideals: All men were free and equal before the law Appointment to public office Exempt from taxation Freedom of speech and press Should these rights include women?

The French Revolution Begins Olympe de Gouges “The Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen” The King Concedes October 5, 1789 Parisian women National Assemblies decrees The king October 6, 1789 the king and his family will return to Paris Prisoners in Paris

The French Revolution Begins Church Reform New Revolutionary Government Sell off church lands Under the control of the state Civil Constitution of the Clergy Catholics were anti-revolution New Constitution and New Fears Constitution of 1791 Limited Monarchy Legislative Body “Active Citizens” “Passive citizens” Local governments

The French Revolution Begins 1791 Louis XVI June 1791 The king and his family Varennes October 1791

The French Revolution Begins War with Austria European leaders Austria and Prussia Legislative Assembly Rise of the Paris Commune Spring of 1792 August 1792 Paris radicals Commune Members of the Paris Commune King National Convention Universal Male Suffrage San-culottes

Radical Revolution and Reaction

Radical Revolution and Reaction The Move to Radicalism Louis XVI Unrest August 1792 The Minister of Justice Georges Danton National Convention September Massacres Jean-Paul Marat Friend of the People Jacobin condemned the Girondins Drinker of Blood Charlotte Corday, a Girondin Jacques- Louis David “The Death of Marat” The First Republic September 1792 Newly elected National Convention Ruling body of France September 21, 1792 - The French Republic

Radical Revolution and Reaction The Fate of the King Political clubs Girondins The Mountain Jacobins Club Louis XVI January 1793 Guillotine Crisis and Response Disputes The Paris Commune Riots Coalition of forces Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain, and the Dutch Republic Committee of Public Safety George Danton and Maximilian Robespierre

Radical Revolution and Reaction The Reign of Terror Crushing Rebellion 1793- 1794 – Committee on Public Safety Reign of Terror Maximilian Robespierre Revolutionary Courts Guillotine Marie Antoinette Olympe de Gouges Revolutionary Armies Grapeshot Nantes

Radical Revolution and Reaction “Show them no mercy”   The Republic of Virtue Maximilian Robespierre Titles changed Women Good citizens Law abolishing slavery Control inflation 1793 - Revolutionary Republican Women De-Christianization Adopted a new calendar September 22, 1792 12 months Months were given new names Example: Vendemiarie – September Huge impact on religion

Radical Revolution and Reaction A Nation in Arms Rise of the Revolutionary Army 1794 People’s Army End of the Terror Summer of 1794 - Robespierre June 1794 – Law of 22 Prairial July 28, 1794 The Directory National Convention Committee on Public Safety Churches New constitution The constitution of 1795 Bicameral legislature Lower House – Council of 500 Upper House – Council of Elders Electors – qualified voters Committee of 5 – called the Directory The Directory – 1795 – 1799 1799 – Napoleon Bonaparte toppled the Directory in a Coup d’état

The Age of Napoleon

The Age of Napoleon The Rise of Napoleon Early Life A child of the revolution Born 1769 in Corsica Commissioned as a lieutenant in the French Army Military Successes 1792 - Captain 1794 - Brigadier General 1796 - French armies in Italy Speed, surprise, and decisive action Northern Italy 1797 Invasion of Britain Egypt British Navy

The Age of Napoleon Consul and Emperor 1799 – Coup d’état The Consulate First Counsel 1802 – Consul for Life 1804 – Emperor Napoleon’s Domestic Policies Peace with the Church Gains of the revolution Catholic Church A man of the enlightenment 1801 – agreement with the Pope Codification of Laws Over 300 different legal systems Napoleon will make one legal system: Seven Law codes were created Civil Code – Napoleonic Code – 1804 The principles that the revolutionaries Women and children “Less equal to men” Property Court Divorce proceedings

The Age of Napoleon A New Bureaucracy Strong centralized administration Bureaucracy of capable officials Middle Class Aristocracy based on meritorious service New nobles Preserver of the Revolution? All citizens were equal before the law and the opening of government careers On the other hand: Liberty Anne-Louise-Germaine de Stael Napoleon’s Empire Building the Empire European Coalition – Russia, Great Britain, and Austria 1803 - Britain Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Prussia Ulm, Austerlitz, Jena, and Eylau from 1805 to 1807 From 1807 to 1812 Napoleon will be the master of Europe Empire was composed of three parts: The French Empire Dependent States Allied States

The Age of Napoleon Spreading the Principles of the Revolution Legal equality, religious toleration, and economic freedom Equality – of opportunity and before the law Britain’s Resistance Sea power 1805 –Trafalgar Continental system Weakening the British economically Will fail 1810 Nationalism The sense of unique identity of a people based on language, religion, and national symbols The Germanies, Spain, Poland, and Italy arousing new ideas of nationalism in two ways: United in their hatred of the invaders The power and strength of national feeling  

The Age of Napoleon The Fall of Napoleon Disaster in Russia Continental system June 1812 – the Grand Army “Scorched Earth Policy” Battle of Borodino Moscow “the Great Retreat” March of 1814 Napoleon Island of Elba Louis XVIII The Final Defeat Napoleon - escape from Elba “ Soldiers of the 5th regiment, I am your emperor…. If there is a man among you (who) would kill his emperor, here I am!” “ Vive, l’Empereur” March 20, 1815 Russia, Great Britain, Austria, and Prussia At Waterloo – Belgium – June 18, 1815 - Duke of Wellington St. Helena 1821