The Industrial Revolution

I. Began in the mid 1700’s A. in N. England and S. Scotland B. Started after Agricultural Rev., but once started, both on same page

II. Agricultural Revolution A. Enclosure Movement A. Enclosure Movement 1.Wealthy landowners bought most of land from village farmers 1.Wealthy landowners bought most of land from village farmers 2. Wealthy farmers wanted to increase harvest to increase profit 2. Wealthy farmers wanted to increase harvest to increase profit a. looked to scientific revolution and enlightenment for ideas a. looked to scientific revolution and enlightenment for ideas b. kept careful records from one yr. to next to compare styles b. kept careful records from one yr. to next to compare styles c. shared ideas with other farmers c. shared ideas with other farmers 3. Seed drill invented, Seed drill invented, 1721 a. Jethro Tull- scientific farmer a. Jethro Tull- scientific farmer b. scattering seeds was wasteful, dig trench b. scattering seeds was wasteful, dig trench

II. Agricultural Revolution B. Crop Rotation 1. Two and three-field system of middle ages left land unused between harvests a. 1/3 country land was not producing every year 2. Rotate Crops a. One yr. plant wheat or barley—wears out soil b. Next yr. plant turnips or clovers—restore soil

II. Agricultural Revolution C. Improved livestock 1. Only allows best animals to breed a. increased weight and taste , avg. steer = 370 lbs., = 840 lbs , avg. sheep = 28 lbs., = 100 lbs.

III. Effects on Population A. Scientific Farming had 2 fold effect 1. Better livestock and rising crop = more food a. Fewer people went hungry 2. Enclosure movement forced farmers off land and became labor force a. Went to Colonies in America b. Moved to City to look for work B. Population doubled from 1750 to increased food 2. medical advances 3. better health = more marriages = more children

IV. Great Britain—Home of the Industrial Revolution A. Abundant Natural Resources 1. 3 Necessary resources a. Water power—supplied energy for machines b. Coal—supplied energy for machines c. Iron ore—made machines, tools, bldgs., etc.

IV. Great Britain—Home of the Industrial Revolution B. Geography—benefit of being an island 1. Overseas trade gave access to raw materials and markets 2. Trade= wealthy class of ship owners with $ to spare for new projects C. Strong banking system 1. G.B. most developed system in Europe 2. Understood importance of loaning $ at reasonable interest rates a. resulted in better machinery and new factories

IV. Great Britain—Home of the Industrial Revolution D. Political Stability 1. No war fought on British soil during 1700’s 2. Gov’t. favored economic growth with laws that encouraged investments E. Favorable Climate for new ideas 1. Royal Society—“Club” for exchanging scientific ideas and practical inventions

V. Many New Inventions A. Many were for textile industry 1. Sped up ability to weave and spin 2. Cotton Gin, 1793 a. Eli Whitney b. Slaves picked 10 times more in a day

V. Many New Inventions B. Factories 1. New machines too large for homes 2. Needed water to power machines, therefore factories needed to be near lakes and streams

V. Many New Inventions C. Steam Engine 1. Watt 2. 1st time source of power could be used anywhere, anytime 3. Continued improvement from 1763 into the 1800’s

VI. Transportation A. Before changes Harbors and Rivers were main source 1. Problems a. To get from one water-way to another, had to unload barge and fill wagons to cross land, then fill next barge 2. Answers a. Canals 1. human made water ways 2. late 1700’s to early 1800’s 3. built 4000 miles of canals 4. this slashed cost of transportation 5. more raw materials could get to more places

VI. Transportation b. Roads ’s improved roads 2. large layers of rock filled with crushed rock 3. Wagons could travel regardless of rain and mud c. Railroad 1. Steam engine made this possible 2. By 1820’s, hundreds were in operation 3. By 1850, many different rail lines went all over G.B. connecting cities 4. used as transportation for work 5. “iron horse” meant problems for canal owners and freight wagon owners

VI. Transportation 3. Four Major Effects of Railroads a. Encouraged further industrialization 1. faster, cheaper to transport raw materials and finished products 2. could build factories in more locations b. Provided millions of new jobs 1. coal 2. iron 3. building of RR c. Progress in Agriculture 1. farmers could send produce to markets 2. fishermen could sell fish in inland cities 4. Positive attitude about travel 1. leisure 2. commuting

VII. Spread of the Revolution A. Industrialization did not spread b/c G.B. wanted to keep it a secret 1. Until 1825, illegal for engineers, mechanics and toolmakers to leave the country. B. Eventually, snuck out of country to America. B. Eventually, snuck out of country to America. C. Global Economy begins and making a division in economic/ social classes C. Global Economy begins and making a division in economic/ social classes D. Karl Marx is given fuel for idea of socialism/communism D. Karl Marx is given fuel for idea of socialism/communism

VIII. Reasons England/ US did not see violent revolution A. Reforms 1. Unions formed a. Gave workers sense of pride b. Gave workers a say 2. Protective Laws a Mines Act– no women or children 10&U, in mines b Hrs. Act– Women and children

VIII. Reasons England/ US did not see violent revolution B. Productivity 1. Previously, Low productivity a. 18 hrs. to make shoe, expensive 2. Division of Labor, High productivity a. Factories allowed for many men to workon one shoe b. Each man produces more (increased productivity), hours shorter, pay is higher, make more of product 3. Material Plenty for ALL a. workers can now afford products