Section 2. Africa

Africa before Imperialism By 1880 only 10% in European hands Rivers not navigable until invention of steamboat By 1880 only 10% in European hands Rivers not navigable until invention of steamboat

“Dr. Livingston, I Presume”

David Livingstone (UK) minister exploring interior

Believed dead, found by reporter Henry Stanley (UK, USA) Story created interest in Africa Believed dead, found by reporter Henry Stanley (UK, USA) Story created interest in Africa

West Africa

Germany Britain takes Nigeria and Gold Coast Mostly French Germany Britain takes Nigeria and Gold Coast Mostly French

North Africa 1841 Muhammad Ali frees Egypt from Ottomans

Attempts to modernize Egypt

Suez Canal built by the French: Ferdinand de Leseppes (France)

connects Red to the Med

Egypt goes bankrupt 1882 Britain occupies Egypt Egypt goes bankrupt 1882 Britain occupies Egypt

Sudan Brits wanted to add Sudan to Egypt Revolt led by Muhammad Ahmad (the Mahdi) Brits wanted to add Sudan to Egypt Revolt led by Muhammad Ahmad (the Mahdi)

Khartoum British hero, General Charles Gordon and his army destroyed

4 years later (1898), Brits took Sudan

Central Africa

Belgians take the Congo

East Africa

Germany and Britain compete

Berlin Conference European nations meet to draw up rules for colonization of Africa

Dutch settlers (Boers)--settle Cape Colony in 1652, gradually expand South Africa

English Take Cape Colony in 1800’s

Great Trek--Boers move inland to get away from English

Zulus--united in 1816 by Shaka, under British control by 1887

Zulu Camp 20,000 people

Boers battle Zulus

The British fight and defeat the Zulus

Boer War--diamonds discovered in new Boer Colonies At urging of Cecil Rhodes, Brits begin to take over Boer land

1899--Boers take up arms Brits use concentration camps 1902 Boers surrender Boers take up arms Brits use concentration camps 1902 Boers surrender

Winston Churchill serves as a reporter and later as an officer in the Boer War

New British colony named Rhodesia 1910 Brits created independent Union of South Africa Only whites could vote New British colony named Rhodesia 1910 Brits created independent Union of South Africa Only whites could vote

European rule in Africa Brits: indirect French: assimilation Others: direct Brits: indirect French: assimilation Others: direct

Ethiopia

King Menelik II Plays Europeans against each other Buys modern weapons

1896 defeats Italians at Adowa

Becomes only African country to remain free except...

Liberia Which was protected by the USA

Impact of Colonial Rule

Better medicine, communications, sanitation, education Disease, famine, near slave work conditions Better medicine, communications, sanitation, education Disease, famine, near slave work conditions

Little industrial development National boundaries established regardless of ethnic boundaries (source of much warfare today) Little industrial development National boundaries established regardless of ethnic boundaries (source of much warfare today)

Intermission