Mentoring in Medicine Virtual Camp Final project 22 nd August, 2013 By Poojitha Kolluri

 Type 1  Excessively thirsty  Frequent urination  Type 2 – symptoms appear gradually  Mild thirst  Frequent urination  Mild fatigue  Blurred vision  Vaginal yeast infection

 Type 1  Autoimmune disease : Genetic factors cause the immune system to attack insulin producing cells of the pancreas.  Type 2  Insulin resistance : Body does not react to limitation or excess of insulin. Excess glucose in blood eventually damages pancreas.

 Type 1  Less commonly occurring than type 2  Type 2  About 90% of the people who have diabetes have type 2 diabetes.  Only two-thirds of the people with type 2 diabetes are receiving treatment because early symptoms are hard to notice.  Most commonly in people of First Nations descent, Hispanics, and North Americans of African descent.

Prevalence of Diabetes according to age group in the World  Under 20 years of age  0.26% of all people in this age group have diabetes  Age 20 years or older  11.3% of all people in this age group have diabetes  Age 65 years or older  26.9% of all people in this age group have diabetes  Men  11.8% of all men aged 20 years or older have diabetes  Women  10.8% of all women aged 20 years or older have diabetes

 Type 1 Diabetes  Family history  Genetics  Geography – Risk of type 1 diabetes increases as one moves away from the equator  Exposure to certain types of viruses – example: Epstein-Barr virus and coxsackievirus  Dietary factors  Type 2 Diabetes  40 years or older  Blood vessel diseases  First nation, Hispanic, South Asian or African Descent  High blood pressure and cholesterol  HIV infection  History of gestational diabetes  Mental health disorders

 Diagnosis of Diabetes is based on blood tests 1) Doctor may diagnose diabetes if the level of glucose in your blood after 8 hours of fasting is 7.0 mmol/L or higher. 2) A1C test (also called glycated hemoglobin) – calculates average blood glucose over the past 2 to 3 months. Doctor may diagnose diabetes is your blood sugar levels are 6.5% or greater. 3) Random blood glucose level – Randomly taken at any time of the day. Your doctor diagnoses diabetes if your blood levels are 11.1 mmol/L or higher.

 Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)- For this test, a person fasts and is then given a drink containing 75 g of carbohydrate.  The blood sugar levels are checked during fasting and 2 hours after consuming the solution. Your doctor may diagnose diabetes if your blood sugar is greater than 11.1 mmol/L after 2 hours.  A combination of tests along with symptoms are necessary for the doctor to confirm diabetes.

 Type 1  Need insulin continuously to survive  Type 2  make lifestyle changes ▪ diet and exercise  use medication  monitor blood glucose levels

1) “Diabetes.” Body and Health. MediResource Inc. 21 August ) “Diabetes.” MedlinePlus. 19 August 2013, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 21 August ) “Diabetes basics.” American Diabetes Association. 20 August August