1 IMMIGRATION & URBANIZATION

2 WAVES OF IMMIGRATION GETTING TO AMERICA IMMIGRATION CENTERS CHARTS ON IMMIGRANT STATISTICS

3 WAVES OF IMMIGRATION  MILLION IMMIGRANTS MAINLY FROM ENGLAND, IRELAND, GERMANY, SCANDINAVIA, AND OTHER PLACES IN NORTHWESTERN EUROPE  MILLION IMMIGRANTS MAINLY FROM NORTHWESTERN EUROPE  MILLION IMMIGRANTS CAME FROM EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE. THEY WERE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN, TURKISH, LITHUANIAN, RUSSIAN, JEWISH, GREEK, ITALIAN AND ROMANIAN

Why did people want to move to U.S.? Lure of promise of better life Escape famine, land shortages, religious or political reasons New start 4

5 RED DOTS ILLUSTRATE EMIGRATION IN 1900, BROWN CIRCLES, 1920

6 CHART OF IMMIGRATION 1820 TO

Todays the illegal immigrant population is over 11 million.

8 ADVERTISEMENTS FOR TRAVEL TO AMERICA Cost about 15$

9 COMING TO AMERICA

10 STEERAGE: THE CHEAPEST WAY TO COME TO AMERICA

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12 ELLIS ISLAND IMMIGRATION CENTER, NEW YORK CITY

What happened at Ellis Island Processing could take 5 hours or so. Pass physical exam –No diseases Criminal background check At least 25$ Pass mental tests (pg 257) Single women could not enter country 17 million went through here 13

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15 What is difference between urban and rural?

16 URBAN STREET SCENE EARLY 20 TH CENTURY

17 NEW INVENTIONS that MADE RAPID URBAN GROWTH POSSIBLE?

18 HENRY BESSEMER INVENTOR OF THE BESSEMER PROCESS MAKING STEEL USING THE BESSEMER PROCESS

19 PASSENGER ELEVATOR MADE WORKING AND DOING BUSINESS IN TALL BUILDINGS MUCH EASIER ELISHA OTIS, INVENTOR OF THE FIRST PASSENGER ELEVATOR

20 RAPID TRANSIT IN THE 19 TH CENTURY

21 MASS TRANSPORTATION MOVES UNDERGROUND WITH THE FIRST SUBWAYS

22 BROOKLYN BRIDGE BROOKLYN BRIDGE, 1883, LONGEST STEEL SUSPENSION BRIDGE IN THE WORLD, 1600 FEET. ALLOWED NEW YORK TO EXPAND AND BECOME THE RICHEST AND LARGEST CITY IN THE UNITED STATES.

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24 LATE 19 TH CENTURY SKYSCRAPER BY THE ARCHITECT LOUIS SULLIVAN One of the first

25 NEW YORK, 1903

26 IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORHOODS IN NEW YORK CITY: LATER HALF OF THE 19 TH CENTURY

27 HESTER STREET, NYC

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29 THE WHOLE FAMILY WORKS TO MAKE ENDS MEET, 1908 Before disability and workman’s comp

30 EDUCATION WAS NOT mandatory AND MOST CHILDREN WORKED IN FACTORIES

31 LIFE WAS ALSO HARD FOR CHILDREN IN RURAL AREAS

32 PROBLEMS IN THE NEW CITIES

Cholera Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking or eating water or food that has been contaminated by the diarrhea of an infected person or the feces of an infected. The severity of the diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance and death in some cases. Worldwide it affects 3–5 million people and causes 100,000–130,000 deaths a year as of 2010[update] 33

POSTER FOR A MOVIE ON THE JUNGLE COVER OF THE NOVEL UPTON SINCLAIR Wrote The Jungle

35 UPTON SINCLAIR'S PORTRAYAL OF THE UNSANITARY CONDITIONS IN MEAT PACKING PLANTS LED TO THE PASSAGE OF THE PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT OF 1906

36 POOR SANITATION

37 NO ONE KNEW WHAT CAUSED YELLOW FEVER

Yellow Fever Yellow fever is caused by a virus that is spread by the mosquito. Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice) Abdominal pain and vomiting, sometimes blood Decreased urination Bleeding from your nose, mouth and eyes Heart dysfunction (arrhythmias) Liver and kidney failure Brain dysfunction, including delirium, seizures and coma 38

39 REACTIONS TO INCREASED IMMIGRATION

Nativism Overt favoritism towards native born Americans. Gave rise to anti-immigrant groups –Literacy tests for immigrants –Anti Asian groups –Chinese Exclusion act of 1892 –Gentleman’s Agreement 40

41 KNOW-NOTHING Political PARTY PLATFORM, MID 1850s goal: 1.Stop immigration

42 THE CHINESE WERE THE FIRST GROUP OF IMMIGRANTS TO BE DENIED ENTRY INTO THE UNITED STATES Chinese exclusion act of 1882

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44 INTENDED EFFECT OF THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT OF 1882

45 POLITICAL MACHINES AND CORRUPT CITY BOSSES CONTROLLED CITIES TAMMANY HALL, NYC

The Political Machine With rapid growth in new cities, there was a much needed new power structure, the Political machine. –Organized group that controlled the activities of a political party, and offered services to voters in exchange for political and financial support. 46

Political boss Controlled everything in the city, and influenced everyone. Usually former immigrants who helped immigrants in exchange for votes. 47

The corruption of political machines When loyalty of voters was not enough they turned to fraud. Grafting-illegal use of political influence for personal gain. –Gambling, construction contracts –Give examples 48

49 NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES ADVERTISING NEW PRODUCTS LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES

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55 NEW TECHNOLOGIES CREATED CONVENIENCES: ICE BOX AD

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57 LINOTYPE MACHINES

58 SCHOOLS RAPIDLY GREW IN THE LATE 19 TH CENTURY

59 ILLITERACY RATE FROM 1870 TO NUMBERS ARE PERCENTAGE OF PERSONS WHO CANNOT READ OR WRITE.

60 WOMEN BEGAN WORKING IN THE NEW BUSINESSES

61 AMERICANS BEGAN TO HAVE LEISURE TIME

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63 SPORTS BECAME ACCESSIBLE FOR ALL AMERICANS