1. IMMIGRATION
&
URBANIZATION

2. IMMIGRATION WAVES OF IMMIGRATION GETTING TO AMERICA
IMMIGRATION CENTERS
CHARTS ON IMMIGRANT STATISTICS

3. WAVES OF IMMIGRATION
MILLION IMMIGRANTS MAINLY FROM ENGLAND, IRELAND, GERMANY, SCANDINAVIA, AND OTHER PLACES IN NORTHWESTERN EUROPE
MILLION IMMIGRANTS MAINLY FROM NORTHWESTERN EUROPE
MILLION IMMIGRANTS CAME FROM EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE. THEY WERE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN, TURKISH, LITHUANIAN, RUSSIAN, JEWISH, GREEK, ITALIAN AND ROMANIAN

4. Why did people want to move to U.S.?
Lure of promise of better life
Escape famine, land shortages, religious or political reasons
New start

5. RED DOTS ILLUSTRATE EMIGRATION IN 1900, BROWN CIRCLES, 1920
NATIVE LANDS, PLACES FROM WHERE MANY IMMIGRANTS CAME FROM, THEY HAD LIVED IN BAD CONDITIONS AND CAME TO AMERICA TO GET A BETTER LIFE .

6. CHART OF IMMIGRATION 1820 TO 1980
1900
THIS CHART SHOWS THE RISE AND FALL OF IMMIGRATION THROUGHOUT U.S. HISTORY. THE “WAVES OF IMMIGRATION” SLIDE EXPLAINS WHICH GROUPS WERE COMING AT WHICH POINT IN HISTORY.

7. Todays the illegal immigrant population is over 11 million.

8. ADVERTISEMENTS FOR TRAVEL TO AMERICA
Cost about 15$

9. COMING TO AMERICA

10. STEERAGE: THE CHEAPEST WAY TO COME TO AMERICA
STEERAGE,THE LOWEST DECK ON THE SHIP, THE CHEAPEST METHOD OF COMING TO AMERICA, IT WAS UNCOMFORTABLE AND DISEASE-RIDDEN.

12. ELLIS ISLAND IMMIGRATION CENTER, NEW YORK CITY

13. What happened at Ellis Island
Processing could take 5 hours or so.
Pass physical exam
No diseases
Criminal background check
At least 25$
Pass mental tests (pg 257)
Single women could not enter country
17 million went through here

14. CHART SHOWS FROM WHAT NATIONS IMMIGRANTS CAME FROM

15. REACTION TO IMMIGRATION BY MANY NATIVE BORN AMERICANS.

16. Nativism Overt favoritism towards native born Americans.
Gave rise to anti-immigrant groups
Literacy tests for immigrants (40 words or more of english)
Anti Asian groups
Chinese Exclusion act of 1892
Gentleman’s Agreement
Japanese children segregated in school

17. INTENDED EFFECT OF THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT OF 1882
CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT, 1882 ACT THAT STOPPED IMMIGRATION FROM CHINA.
HOW ARE ORIENTALS PORTRAYED I N THE CARTOON? AS ANIMALS

18. URBAN GROWTH
What is difference between urban and rural?

19. URBAN STREET SCENE EARLY 20TH CENTURY
AMERICAN CITIES, DECADES FOLLOWING THE CIVIL WAR WITNESSED A TREMENDOUS EXPANSION AND EXPLOSIVE GROWTH OF AMERICAN CITIES.

20. NEW INVENTIONS that MADE RAPID URBAN GROWTH POSSIBLE?
TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGHS, NEW SCIENTIFIC AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS THAT REVOLUTIONIZED HOUSING, TRANSPORTATION MAKING RAPID URBAN GROWTH POSSIBLE.

21. MAKING STEEL USING THE BESSEMER PROCESS
BESSEMER PROCESS, METHOD OF MAKING CHEAP STEEL. WHY WAS STEEL SO IMPORTANT IN THE POST CIVIL WAR ECONOMY AND THE RAPID GROWTH OF US CITIES? ANSWER: BECAUSE STEEL WAS STRONGER AND LIGHTER THAN IRON AND COULD BE USED TO BUILD LARGE ITEMS.
HENRY BESSEMER INVENTOR OF THE BESSEMER PROCESS

22. ELISHA OTIS, INVENTOR OF THE FIRST PASSENGER ELEVATOR
PASSENGER ELEVATOR MADE WORKING AND DOING BUSINESS IN TALL BUILDINGS MUCH EASIER
ELISHA OTIS, HE INVENTED THE FIRST PASSENGER ELEVATOR IN WHY WERE ELEVATORS NEEDED? ANSWER: WITH STEEL, BUILDINGS COULD BE BUILT TALLER AND PEOPLE NEEDED A WAY TO AVOID WALKING UP MANY FLIGHTS OF STAIRS.
ELISHA OTIS, INVENTOR OF THE FIRST PASSENGER ELEVATOR

23. RAPID TRANSIT IN THE 19TH CENTURY
MASS TRANSIT, A WAY TO TRANSPORT LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE. INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS ALLOWED CITIES TO BECOME BIGGER AND EXPAND HORIZONTALLY AS WELL AS VERTICALLY.

24. MASS TRANSPORTATION MOVES UNDERGROUND WITH THE FIRST SUBWAYS
SUBWAY SYSTEM, FIRST BUILT IN BOSTON IN 1897.

25. BROOKLYN BRIDGE
BROOKLYN BRIDGE, 1883, LONGEST STEEL SUSPENSION BRIDGE IN THE WORLD, 1600 FEET. ALLOWED NEW YORK TO EXPAND AND BECOME THE RICHEST AND LARGEST CITY IN THE UNITED STATES.
BROOKLYN BRIDGE, 1883, LONGEST STEEL SUSPENSION BRIDGE IN THE WORLD, 1600 FEET. ALLOWED NEW YORK TO EXPAND AND BECOME THE RICHEST AND LARGEST CITY IN THE UNITED STATES.

26. CENTRAL BUSINESS SECTION, CENTER OF A CITY
MIDDLE CLASS, PEOPLE WHO BENEFITED FROM THE WIDENING JOB OPPORTUNITIES CITIES OFFERED, OFFICE WORKERS, TEACHERS, LAWYERS ETC.
SUBURBS, NEWLY DEVELOPED OUTLYING AREAS OF A CITY THAT WERE TIED TO THE CITY USING STREETCARS, LATER MANY BECAME THEIR OWN CITIES

27. LATE 19TH CENTURY SKYSCRAPER BY THE ARCHITECT LOUIS SULLIVAN
One of the first
SKYSCRAPERS, TALL OFFICE BUILDINGS BUILT OF STEEL AND CONCRETE.
LOUIS SULLIVAN, ARCHITECT WHO DESIGNED ONE OF THE EARLIEST SKYSCRAPERS, LARGE BUILDING WITH MANY STORIES

28. NEW YORK, 1903
NEW YORK CITY HALL 1903

29. IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORHOODS IN NEW YORK CITY: LATER HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

30. IMMIGRANT (JEWISH) NEIGHBORHOOD IN NEW YORK CITY
HESTER STREET, NYC

31. MULBERRY STREET IN NEW YORK CITY
MULBERRY STREET IN NEW YORK CITY. TWO EARLY MOVIES OF NEW YORK STREET SCENES.

32. Urban Problems Housing- Transportation Water Poor Sanitation
Buy or rent?
Tenements: multi family dwellings
Transportation
Water
Indoor water plumbing was rare
Cholera
Poor Sanitation
Sewer lines not in place till 1900
Crime and Fire

33. PROBLEMS IN THE NEW CITIES
DISEASES, CHOLERA, TUBERCULOSIS, AND INFLUENZA, YELLOW FEVER, EPIDEMICS KILLED THOUSANDS IN THE CROWDED CITIES.

34. Cholera
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking or eating water or food that has been contaminated by the diarrhea of an infected person or the feces of an infected. The severity of the diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance and death in some cases.
Worldwide it affects 3–5 million people and causes 100,000–130,000 deaths a year as of 2010[update]

35. POOR SANITATION
POOR SANITATION, CITIES HAD NO GARBAGE DISPOSAL, NO POLLUTION CONTROL, NO SEWAGE DISPOSAL. NIGHT SOIL MEN DESPOSED OF HUMAN WASTE FROM BACKYARD PRIVIES.

36. NO ONE KNEW WHAT CAUSED YELLOW FEVER
THIS SCENE SHOWS THE MOTHER SICK WITH CHOLERA AND HER FAMILY IN DESPAIR OVER HER IMPENDING DEATH.

37. Yellow Fever
Yellow fever is caused by a virus that is spread by the mosquito.
Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
Abdominal pain and vomiting, sometimes blood
Decreased urination
Bleeding from your nose, mouth and eyes
Heart dysfunction (arrhythmias)
Liver and kidney failure
Brain dysfunction, including delirium, seizures and coma

38. 1914 POSTER FOR A MOVIE ON THE JUNGLE
COVER OF THE NOVEL
UPTON SINCLAIR
Wrote The Jungle
1914 POSTER FOR A MOVIE ON THE JUNGLE

39. UPTON SINCLAIR'S PORTRAYAL OF THE UNSANITARY CONDITIONS IN MEAT PACKING PLANTS LED TO THE PASSAGE OF THE PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT OF 1906

40. THE WHOLE FAMILY WORKS TO MAKE ENDS MEET, 1908
Before disability and workman’s comp
THE FAMILY IS MAKING ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS. Mrs. Malestestra gets 6 [cents] a gross and make regularly from 10 to 12 gross a day. Mr. Malestestra has been ill for 2 years, and can do no heavy work. But he makes artificial flowers all day. Mr. Malestestra helps because health too bad to work outside of the home. Mrs. Malestestra, Frank, age 14, John, age 11, Lizzie, age 4. Boys work on Saturday, afternoons and evenings till 10 or 11. Lizzie separates petals. New York, ARC Identifier:

41. EDUCATION WAS NOT mandatory AND MOST CHILDREN WORKED IN FACTORIES
WORKING CONDITIONS WERE BRUTAL, WITH LONG HOURS AND UNSAFE FACILITIES.

42. LIFE WAS ALSO HARD FOR CHILDREN IN RURAL AREAS

43. POLITICAL MACHINES AND CORRUPT CITY BOSSES CONTROLLED CITIES
POLITICAL MACHINES, CREATED BY BOSSES TO CONTROL CITIES, THEY WERE DISHONEST BUT PERFORMED MANY NEEDED WELFARE FUNCTIONS FOR THE POOR. TAMMANY HALL, THE POLITICAL MACHINE THAT RAN NEW YORK
THOMAS NAST CARTOON SHOWING BOSS TWEED AND ASSOCIATED AS VULTURES PREYING ON NEW YORK.
TAMMANY HALL, NYC

44. The Political Machine
With rapid growth in new cities, there was a much needed new power structure, the Political machine.
Organized group that controlled the activities of a political party, and offered services to voters in exchange for political and financial support.
A pyramid of power
read pg 268

45. Political boss
Controlled everything in the city, and influenced everyone.
Usually former immigrants who helped immigrants in exchange for votes.
Get housing, citizenship, jobs

46. The corruption of political machines
When loyalty of voters was not enough they turned to fraud.
Creating fake names
Grafting-illegal use of political influence for personal gain.
Gambling, construction contracts, accepted bribes
Boss Tweed: built a courthouse for 13$ million when it only cost $3 million
Give examples

48. Life at the turn of the century
Chapter 8
Life at the turn of the century
Science and urban life
Expanding Public education
Segregation and discrimination

49. New technology and impact
A revolution in Printing
By 1900, 90% of population was literate
Airplanes
Wright Brothers in 1903 flew 120 feet
Within 2 years flew 24 miles and by 1920 U.S. had first airmail service
*Photography- George Eastman in 1888 introduced the Kodak Camera
camera cost $25 had 100 pics and $10 to develop film

50. Expanding Public Education
Very few students went to high school in late 1800’s
Between 1865 and 1895 laws required students from the age of 8 to 14 to go to school
By 1900 High school became more important but only 3% of African Americans attended H.S.
2.3% of Americans attended college

51. Higher Education for African Americans
After civil War, thousands of free African Americans desire an education.

52. Gaining more rights for African Americans
Booker T Washington
Believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor.
W.E.B. Du Bois
First African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard
Thought blacks should get liberal arts degrees so that the African American community would have well educated leaders.

53. Segregation and Discrimination
Voting Restrictions
Poll tax: tax that had to be paid before you could vote
Grandfather clause: if your grandpa was eligible to vote before Jan you could vote.
Literacy test
What was the goal of white citizens?

54. Jim Crow laws Southern states passed racial segregation laws.
Public facilities (bathrooms, schools, restaraunts, parks, etc..)
Plessy vs. Ferguson
Supreme court case that ruled that segregation was legal
(Worksheet partner work)

55. The Dawn of Mass Culture Chapter 8 Sec 4
Americans had more time for leisure activities around amusement parks (Coney Island) -sports (Baseball and boxing) were king

56. AMERICANS BEGAN TO HAVE LEISURE TIME
LEISURE TIME AT THE BEACH.

57. SPORTS BECAME ACCESSIBLE FOR ALL AMERICANS
SPORTS, ONCE ONLY FOR THE RICH BECAME POPULAR AMONG AVERAGE CITIZENS, BASEBALL BECAME POPULAR.

58. Spread of mass culture Mass circulation of newspapers
By 1898 majority of people in American got news from the newspaper
New ways to sell goods
Shopping centers
Department stores
Advertising
Catalogs
Sears and Roebuck

59. NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES, GREW RAPIDLY BECAUSE OF A NEED FOR ADVERTISING AND IMPROVED POSTAL SERVICE

60. ADVERTISING, CAME OF AGE IN THE LATE 1800'S, URBAN DWELLERS WERE BOMBARDED WITH IT WHEREVER THEY WENT.

62. TOBACCO ADS TARGETING WOMEN AND CHILDREN

63. NEW TECHNOLOGIES CREATED CONVENIENCES: ICE BOX AD

64. EARLY AUTOMOBILE ADS. $1600 FOR THE ELECTRIC AUTO IS AROUND $32,000
EARLY AUTOMOBILE ADS. $1600 FOR THE ELECTRIC AUTO IS AROUND $32, IN 2002 DOLLARS. THE OLDS WOULD SELL FOR AROUND $13,000 IN 2002 DOLLARS.