1. 1

2. WAVES OF IMMIGRATION  1815-1860----5 MILLION IMMIGRANTS MAINLY FROM ENGLAND, IRELAND, GERMANY, SCANDINAVIA, AND OTHER PLACES IN NORTHWESTERN EUROPE  1865-1890----10 MILLION IMMIGRANTS MAINLY FROM NORTHWESTERN EUROPE  1890-1914----15 MILLION IMMIGRANTS CAME FROM EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE. THEY WERE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN, TURKISH, LITHUANIAN, RUSSIAN, JEWISH, GREEK, ITALIAN AND ROMANIAN

3. RED DOTS ILLUSTRATE EMIGRATION IN 1900 BROWN CIRCLES, 1920

4. 1800-1880s

5. AFTER 1880s

6. CHART OF IMMIGRATION 1820 TO 1980 1900

7. ADVERTISEMENT FOR TRAVEL TO AMERICA

8. COMING TO AMERICA

9. STEERAGE: THE CHEAPEST WAY TO COME TO AMERICA

11. ELLIS ISLAND IMMIGRATION CENTER NEW YORK CITY

12. WEST COAST IMMIGRATION CENTER, ANGEL ISLAND

15. 1910 Total 91,972,26678,456,38013,515,88614.7100.0 Urban42,623,38332,877,6869,745,69722.946.341.972.1 100,000 or more 20,302,13814,419,0645,883,07429.022.118.443.5 2,500 to 99,999 22,321,24518,458,6223,862,62317.324.323.528.6 Rural49,348,88345,578,6943,770,1897.653.758.127.9 Year, type of residence and size of place totalnative Foreign born Number Percent Percent distribution by type of residence totalnative Foreign born

16. US CITIES WITH POPULATIONS OVER 10,000

18. AMERICAN CITIES TODAY

19. PROXIMITY TO RAW MATERIALS HELPED FUEL URBAN GROWTH

21. URBAN STREET SCENE EARLY 20 TH CENTURY

22. NEW INVENTIONS MADE RAPID URBAN GROWTH POSSIBLE

23. PASSENGER ELEVATOR MADE WORKING AND DOING BUSINESS IN TALL BUILDINGS MUCH EASIER ELISHA OTIS INVENTOR OF THE FIRST PASSENGER ELEVATOR

24. RAPID TRANSIT IN THE 19 TH CENTURY

25. MASS TRANSPORTATION MOVES UNDERGROUND WITH THE FIRST SUBWAYS

26. BROOKLYN BRIDGE

27. LATE 19 TH CENTURY SKYSCRAPER BY THE ARCHITECT LOUIS SULLIVAN

28. URBAN PARK DESIGNED BY FREDERICK LAW OLMSTEAD

29. NEW YORK, 1903

30. IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORHOODS IN NEW YORK CITY: LATER HALF OF THE 19 TH CENTURY

31. HESTER STREET, NYC

32. NEW IMMIGRANTS TENDED TO MOVE WHERE THEY KNEW PEOPLE FROM THE OLD WORLD

33. PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS KEPT IMMIGRANTS TIED TO THEIR RELIGION AND CULTURE

34. THE WHOLE FAMILY WORKS TO MAKE ENDS MEET, 1908

35. EDUCATION WAS NOT COMPULSORY AND MOST CHILDREN WORKED IN FACTORIES

36. PROBLEMS IN THE NEW CITIES

38. POOR SANITATION

39. PEOPLE FLEEING YELLOW FEVER ARE FORCEABLY PREVENTED FROM GETTING OFF TRAIN BY FEARFUL CITIZENS. QUARANTINING WAS THE ONLY METHOD OF CONTROLLING THE DISEASE. THIS NEGATIVELY IMPACTED LOCAL ECONOMIES. NO ONE KNEW WHAT CAUSED YELLOW FEVER

40. CUBAN DOCTOR CARLOS FINLAY FINLAY DISCOVERED THAT THE AEDES AEGYPTI MOSQUITO’S BITE WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF YELLOW FEVER STAMP COMMEMORATING DR. FINLAY

41. POLITICAL MACHINES AND CORRUPT CITY BOSSES CONTROLLED CITIES TAMMANY HALL, NYC

42. CARTOON ABOVE COMPARES TWEED’S EXCESSIVE THEFT TO THAT OF A MINOR BREAD THIEF

43. INCREASED IMMIGRATION AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT NATIVISM REACTIONS TO INCREASED IMMIGRATION

44. PAPER READS: “MAFIA IN NEW ORLEANS, ANARCHISTS IN CHICAGO, SOCIALISTS IN NEW YORK”

45. KNOW- NOTHING PARTY PLATFORM, MID 1850s

46. ANTI-JEWISH CARTOON SHOWING JEWISH IMMIGRANTS AS UNDESIRABLES

48. I do most solemnly promise and swear that I will always, to the utmost of my ability, labor, plead and wage a continuous warfare against ignorance and fanaticism; that I will use my utmost power to strike the shackles and chains of blind obedience to the Roman Catholic church from the hampered and bound consciences of a priest- ridden and church-oppressed people; that I will never allow any one, a member of the Roman Catholic church, to become a member of this order, I knowing him to be such; that I will use my influence to promote the interest of all Protestants everywhere in the world that I may be; that I will not employ a Roman Catholic in any capacity if I can procure the services of a Protestant. I furthermore promise and swear that I will not aid in building or maintaining, by my resources, any Roman Catholic church or institution of their sect or creed whatsoever, but will do all in my power to retard and break down the power of the Pope, in this country or any other. AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION

49. AMERICANIZATION MOVEMENT "THESE SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPEANS ARE OF A VERY DIFFERENT TYPE FROM THE NORTH EUROPEAN WHO PRECEDED THEM… OUR TASK IS… TO ASSIMILATE AND AMALGAMATE THESE PEOPLES AS A PART OF OUR AMERICAN RACE, AND TO IMPLANT IN THESE CHILDREN, SO FAR AS CAN BE DONE, THE ANGLO-SAXON CONCEPTION OF RIGHTEOUSNESS, LAW AND ORDER AND POPULAR GOVERNMENT, AND TO AWAKEN IN THEM REVERENCE FOR OUR DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS AND FOR THOSE THINGS IN OUR NATIONAL LIFE WHICH WE AS A PEOPLE HOLD TO BE OF ABIDING WORTH." -E.P. CUBBERLEY, "CHANGING CONCEPTIONS OF EDUCATION," 1909 "THERE IS NO ROOM IN THIS COUNTRY FOR HYPHENATED AMERICANISM… SOME OF THE VERY BEST AMERICANS I HAVE EVER KNOWN WERE NATURALIZED AMERICANS, AMERICANS BORN ABROAD. BUT A HYPHENATED AMERICAN IS NOT AN AMERICAN AT ALL. THIS IS JUST AS TRUE OF THE MAN WHO PUTS ‘NATIVE’ BEFORE THE HYPHEN AS OF THE MAN WHO PUTS GERMAN OR IRISH OR ENGLISH OR FRENCH BEFORE THE HYPHEN… THE ONE ABSOLUTELY CERTAIN WAY OF BRINGING THIS NATION TO RUIN… WOULD BE TO PERMIT IT TO BECOME A TANGLE OF SQUABBLING NATIONALITIES… FOR AN AMERICAN CITIZEN TO VOTE AS A GERMAN-AMERICAN, AN IRISH-AMERICAN, OR AN ENGLISH-AMERICAN, IS TO BE A TRAITOR TO AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS; AND THOSE HYPHENATED AMERICANS WHO TERRORIZE AMERICAN POLITICIANS BY THREATS OF THE FOREIGN VOTE ARE ENGAGED IN TREASON TO THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC." -FORMER PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT, SPEECH BEFORE KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS, 1915

50. THE CHINESE WERE THE FIRST GROUP OF IMMIGRANTS TO BE DENIED ENTRY INTO THE UNITED STATES

52. INTENDED EFFECT OF THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT OF 1882

54. EARLY CHAIN STORE

59. SOME ADS APPEALED TO SOCIAL SNOBBERY

60. NEW TECHNOLOGIES CREATED CONVENIENCES: ICE BOX AD

64. SCHOOLS RAPIDLY GREW IN THE LATE 19 TH CENTURY

65. ILLITERACY RATE FROM 1870 TO 1979 NUMBERS ARE PERCENTAGE OF PERSONS WHO CANNOT READ OR WRITE

66. AMERICANS BEGAN TO HAVE LEISURE TIME

68. SPORTS BECAME ACCESSIBLE FOR ALL AMERICANS

69. BICYCLING CAUSED A DEMAND FOR BETTER ROADS

70. BARNUM’S AMERICAN“MUSEUM” MIDGET TOM THUMB POPULAR BARNUM CIRCUS ATTRACTION