Chapter 14 Section 2 Social Crises, War, and Revolution

Learning Objectives The students will be able to: List the causes and results of the Thirty Years War Identify the causes and evaluate the effects of the English Revolution including examples of political, economic, and social oppression and violation of human rights Summarize the ideas from the English Revolution concerning separation of power, liberty, and equality.

Economic and Social Crises Inflation Economic slowdown Population decline

Witchcraft Trials Inquisition extended into concern about witchcraft More than 100 thousand charged – mostly single or widowed women over 50

Thirty Years' War Called “the last of the religious wars” Began as a struggle between Catholic forces and Protestant nobles Most destructive conflict Europe experienced thus far ALL major European powers except England become involved in this conflict.

Most battles fought on German soil Germany crushed - 4 million died

Peace of Westphalia 1648 Officially ended the war Stated all German states could determine their own religion

Results of The Thirty Years War: Ended the idea of a Catholic empire made birth of modern states possible

Effects of Thirty Years’ War Germany was plundered and destroyed More than 300 states of the Holy Roman Empire were recognized as independent Germany would not be reunited again until 200 years later.

English Constitutional Monarchy Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY Provided information for this powerpoint. Carol Rioux Kingwood High School Kingwood Texas

1603 Elizabeth I Dies

The Stuart Monarchy

James I [r. 1603-1625] A staunch advocate of divine right of kings. Wrote Trew Law of Free Monarchy – suggested that king only had to answer to God and was not bound by old policies or agreements.

King James Bible, 1611

Charles I [r. 1625-1649]

“The Stuart Magna Carta” The Petition of Right, 1628 According to the Petition, the monarchy could not: imprison subjects without due cause. force loans or levy taxes without the consent of Parliament. house soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent. impose martial law in peacetime. “The Stuart Magna Carta”

Revolution in England Struggle between the king and parliament in determining what role each should play in governing England

Royalists (Cavaliers) Parliamentarians (Roundheads) Civil War (1621-1649) Royalists (Cavaliers) Parliamentarians (Roundheads) House of Lords Aristocracy Large landowners Church officials More rural, less prosperous Anyone who disagreed with Puritans on political or religious issues House of Commons Puritans Merchants Townspeople More urban , more prosperous Anyone who believed the powers of the king should be curbed

Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658] The “Interregnum” Period [1649-1660]

New Model Army Made up of extreme Puritans called Independents Believed were doing battle for God Well disciplined & trained

“Rump Parliament” Cromwell purged Parliament of anyone who did not support him

The Beheading of Charles I January 30, 1649

Cromwell Declares England a commonwealth (republic) Establishes a military dictatorship Disperses the Rump Parliament

The Restoration 1660 After death of Cromwell, Parliament asks Charles II to return to Monarchy Parliament restored the Church of England and limited the rights of Catholics & Puritans

King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] “The Merry Monarch” Had charm, poise, & political skills Restored the theaters and reopened the pubs and brothels closed during Cromwell’s reign Favored religious toleration sympathized with Catholics Realized that he could not repeat the mistakes his father had made When had a conflict with Parliament, gave in

Test Act Charles favored religious toleration Protestants feared he would appoint Catholics to public office so passed the Test Act 1673  Test Act Required all government officials to attend Anglican services

King James II [r. 1685-1688] Was a bigoted convert to Catholicism without any of Charles II’s shrewdness or ability to compromise. Ignored the Test Act & appointed Catholics to office Provoked the revolution that Charles II had succeeded in avoiding

The “Glorious” Revolution Parliament offered the throne jointly to James II’s daughter Mary [raised a Protestant] & her husband, William of Orange James fled to France No bloodshed = “glorious” Destroyed the divine-right theory of kingship

Glorious Revolution Brought William and Mary to the throne Had to support a Parliament Was a bloodless revolution Had to sign the Bill of Rights

English Bill of Rights [1689] It settled all of the major issues between King & Parliament. It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights. It also formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18c and early 19c in England.

English Bill of Rights [1689] Main provisions: The King could not suspend the operation of laws. The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of justice. No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent. Freedom of speech in Parliament. Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently. Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. The monarch must be a Protestant. Freedom from arbitrary arrest. Censorship of the press was dropped. Religious toleration of all Protestants; Catholics still penalized

English Bill of Rights Foundation for a constitutional monarchy It did not create a democracy in England. Only those who had wealth, land and property could vote and sit in Parliament. Power was transfer from monarch to aristocratic dominated Parliament.

Toleration Act of 1689 Granted all Protestants freedom of worship, but not Catholics

Habeas Corpus Act (1697) Safeguard against absolute rule Any unjustly imprisoned person could obtain a writ of habeas corpus compelling the government to explain why he had lost his liberty