1. English Constitutional Monarchy

2. Background
( )

3. The Foundation: English Constitutionalism
Magna Carta (1215)  a CONTRACT between the king & aristocracy
Model Parliament (1295)  est. parliamentary “power of the purse”
Two Houses created after 100 Years’ War (1453)
House of Lords (nobles & aristocracy).
House of Commons (2 burgesses from each town)
The Elizabethan “Bargain” ( )
Parliament  tax & amend/debate bills
Monarch  controls foreign policy

4. The
Early
Stuarts
( )

5. James I [r. 1603-1625] Issues/Conflicts: Edge  Even
Did NOT understand English customs (or try to!)
James believed in divine right of kings
Tried to raise £ w/o Parliament’s consent
Alienated the Puritans w/his strong defense of Anglican Church
Accused of pro-Catholic sympathies
Edge  Even

6. Charles I [r. 1625-1649] Issues/Conflicts: Edge  King
Raised £ w/o Parliament’s consent for war w/ Spain (“ship money”)
Quartered troops in private homes
Signed, then ignored, the Petition of the Right (1628)
Married Catholic Henrietta Marie of France
He & Archbishop Laud sought to impose religious conformity; cause Presbyterian revolt in Scotland
Dissolved “Short” Parliament (1640)
Edge  King

7. The Civil War
( )

8. Parliamentarians (Roundheads) Royalists (Cavaliers)
English Civil War ( )
Parliamentarians (Roundheads)
Royalists (Cavaliers)
Causes 
Long Parliament ( ) passes Triennial Act & executes Laud
Charles fails to dissolve Parliament by force (arrest MPs)
Cromwell led Roundhead Calvary (New Model Army) that defeated Royal forces at Naseby (1645)
Cromwell purges House of Commons of Moderates & Presbyterians (“Rump Parliament”)
Edge  Parliament

9. Regicide  Beheading of Charles I, 1649
The vote by the Rump Parliament was

10. The Interregnum
( )

11. The Interregnum (1649-1660) Edge  Cromwell Issues/Conflicts:
Cromwell briefly creates republican Commonwealth ( ).
Cromwell est. military dictatorship – Protectorate ( )
Adopts mercantilist economic policies (ex. Navigation Acts of 1651)
Religious tolerance for all except Catholics (includes Jews!!!)
Closed theaters, taverns, brothels & banned sporting events
Crushes revolts in Scotland & Ireland (Drogheda Rebellion)
Edge  Cromwell

12. % Of Land Owned by Catholics in Ireland [in green]

13. The Restoration
( )
Parliament could no more exist without the Crown than the Crown without Parliament. This was the most important lesson of the English Civil War!

14. King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] Issues/Conflicts:
Restored theaters & reopened taverns & brothels
Created the Cabal
Favored religious toleration
“Cavalier” Parliament passed Test Act ( 1673)  must receive Anglican Eucharist to vote or hold office
Signed secret Treaty of Dover (1670) w/ King Louis XIV to gain £ for Second Anglo-Dutch War
Edge  Parliament (slight)

15. King James II [r. 1685-1688] Issues/Conflicts: Edge  King
Convert to Catholicism
Instituted Declaration of Indulgence (1687)
Introduced Catholics into high command of both army & navy
Surrounded himself w/ Catholic advisors & attacked Anglican control of universities
Camped standing army a few miles outside of London
Claimed power to suspend or dispense w/ Acts of Parliament
Edge  King

16. The Glorious Revolution
1688

17. The “Glorious” Revolution: 1688
Issues/Conflicts:
James II’s Catholic wife gave birth to a son  Catholic heir to throne
Parliament offers throne to James’s daughter Mary & her husband William of Orange
William arrives w/ army (Nov. 1688) w/o English opposition  James & family flee to France
“Bloodless” Revolution  William & Mary accept throne
Edge  Parliament wins!!!

18. English Bill of Rights [1689]
It settled all of the major issues between King & Parliament.
It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights.
It also formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18c and early 19c in England.

19. English Bill of Rights [1689]
Main provisions:
The King could not suspend the operation of laws.
The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of justice.
No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent.
Freedom of speech in Parliament.
Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently.
Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment.
The monarch must be a Protestant.
Freedom from arbitrary arrest.
Censorship of the press was dropped.
Religious toleration.

20. Responses to the English Revolution
Thomas Hobbes
Leviathan (1651)
John Locke
Two Treatises of Gov’t
(1690)
VS.
Human life was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish & short”
Absolute ruler w/ unlimited power needed to keep people in line
Rebellions by subjects MUST be suppressed
People create gov’ts to protect their natural rights (esp. property rights)
Have the right to change gov’t when they fail to do so
Right to rebellion is protection against tyranny

21. Toleration Act [1689] All Protestants permitted to worship freely
Outlawed Roman Catholics & non-Christians
Did not extend full political rights to those outside the Church of England.