Population and Culture Notes

Studying Population Demography is the statistical study of human populations Demography is used to predict future population trends to determine where possible population increases/decreases will occur

Population Density Average number of people living in a region, which is expressed in # of people/square mile. Populations vary greatly throughout the world Landforms Climates Water availability

Population Distribution How are populations densities spread or distributed all over the world? Populations are spread unevenly throughout the world

Where do most people live? 90% of the world population lives in the Northern Hemisphere between 20 and 60 degrees North latitude In low lands and areas with fertile soil Example- river valleys

Four world population clusters East Asia South Asia Europe Eastern North America

Population Changes 3 factors determine population changes 1. Birth Rate 2. Death Rate 3. Migration

Birth Rate Number of live birth’s each year for every 1000 people in a region

Death Rate Number of death’s each year for every 1000 people in a region

Migration Process of moving from one place to live in another Emigrants Immigrants Push and Pull Factors Refugees

Natural Increase Population changes based solely on the birth and death rates Lowest- North America and Europe Highest- Africa and Southwest Asia

Existing number of people is too large to be supported by available resources Currently 6.9 billion people on Earth Population growing by 80 million each year Overpopulation

Future Population Population Projections- estimates the future population sizes, ages, growth rates Demographers use POPULATION PYRAMIDS

Culture- All the features of a peoples way of life Language Fashion Religion Dialect Government/Economies TV, Movies, Music

Culture Trait- activities and behaviors used by people Culture Region- an area where people have similar traits and beliefs Ethnic Group- human population which shares ancestry and culture traits

3 causes for Culture Change 1. Migration- movement of people and goods/services 2. War- relocation of people who take their culture traits with them. 3. Trade- people send a pieces of their culture to other places which affect that culture.

Acculturation- Individual or group adopts some traits to that of another culture (language, religion) Innovation- new ideas which are accepted by culture (baggy pants, Tattoos) Diffusion- ideas or innovations spread from one person to another and are adopted. (music, fashion)

Globalization- the process in which connections around the world increase and cultures merge Traditionalism- cultures which follow longtime historical practices or ways of life and who sometimes oppose many modern innovations.

World Language and World Religion Hello Hola Bonjour

Dialect- regional variety of language Major vs. Minor Language- almost every country in the world has a major and a minor language. "Ya'll"

Religion Ethnic Religion- Focuses on one ethnic group and generally spreads into culture Animist Religion- People who believe in the presence of the spirits and the forces of nature Polytheism- belief in many gods Monotheism- belief in one god Henotheism- belief in one god without denying the existence of other gods.

Examples of Religion Ethnic Religion- Jews/Muslims Animists- Voodoo Polytheism- Hinduism Monotheism- Christianity

Missionaries- people who help spread religion around the world. Churches Schools Water Wells Developing Countries

Types of Government Autocracy- government run by a single person who has unlimited powers (North Korea) Totalitarianism- Absolute power Absolute Monarchy- King or queen with absolute power Constitutional Monarchy- King or queen who rules along with elected officials and both must abide to a constitution (United Kingdom)

Oligarchy- Government run by a few powerful people (South Africa) Communism- Economic and political system in which the government controls and owns all the means of production. (China) Socialism- Free enterprise system of economy in which the government owns and controls some of the means of production. (Canada)

Democracy- Government run by the people, either directly or through elected officials or representatives. (USA) Direct Democracy- citizens participated directly in the decision making process Representative Democracy- voters elect officials to make decisions in their interest Republic- Political order in which the power lies with the citizens who vote representatives to be responsible for some of the decision making process (USA)

Types of Economies Market Economy- Economy which the people freely choose what to buy and sell Free Enterprise- System which lets competition among businesses determine the price of a product Capitalism- business, industry, and resources are privately owned

Command Economy- The government decides what to produce, where to make it, and what price to sell it at Traditional or Subsistence Economy- People who make goods for themselves and sell whatever they have left over

4 Types of Economic Activities 1. Primary- economic activity that uses natural resources directly (farming, fishing, mining) 2. Secondary- Use of raw materials to produce or manufacture something new (wheat to flour, lumber to plywood) 3. Tertiary- Provides a service to people or businesses (teacher, dry cleaner, grocer) 4. Quaternary- requires workers to have a specialized skill or training (doctor, scientist, engineer)

How to measure the development of a country Gross Domestic Product- GDP- Total value of goods and services which were built within a country per year. Gross National Product- GNP- Total value of goods and services which a country produces either foreign or domestic per year.

Industrialization- process by which manufacturing based on machine power becomes widespread in an area Literacy Rate- the percentage of people who can read and write in a country (over the age of 15) Standard of Living- per capita, education levels, food consumption, food production, population size, and population prediction.

More Developed vs. Less Developed

More Developed richest countries in the world high levels of industrialization high standard of livings High GDP and GNP Less than 25% of the worlds populations live in these countries. They have a lot of infrastructure (all systems of transportation including roads, ports, highways...)

Countries of Western Europe More Developed Canada United States Japan

Less Developed World’s poorest countries Low standard of living Low literacy rates, GNP, GDP Majority of world populations lives here High government corruption, birth rates, death rates, and infant mortality rates.

Countries of South and Central America Less Developed Countries Countries of Africa Pacific Island Countries

Mid Income Countries Features of both developed and developing countries. Usually have modern cities or urban areas but poor rural or country areas. Mexico Thailand Brazil Malaysia

3 Types of Boundaries 1. Natural Boundary- follow a feature of the landscape 2. Cultural Boundary- based on a cultural trait 3. Geometric Boundary- usually follow a straight line with regard to the environment

49th parallel- US and Canada Border Natural Boundary River, Moutain, Desert Cultural Boundary Religious or Tribal Geometric Boundary 49th parallel- US and Canada Border

Domestication- taming of animals Urbanization- people moving from rural areas to live in urban areas Shifting Cultivation- farmers clear trees for planting fields which are farmed for a few years until the soil is depleted of its nutrients and then it is abandoned. Subsistence Agriculture- growing enough for your needs World Cities- most important centers of economic power and wealth (NYC, Tokyo, London)

Nationalism- Feelings of pride and loyalty for ones own country Terrorism- the use of fear and violence as a political force United Nations- representatives from almost every country discuss international issues (goal- prevent war) World Trade Organization- works to make trade between countries fair and organized.