Required Essay: Patterns of Life A)Where and how people made their living: Nomads and Bedouin made their living mainly by herding livestock, such as sheep and goats, OR as traders Farmers and villagers made their living either by 1.Farming: wheat, barley, olives, vegetables 2.Raising livestock

Required Essay: Patterns of Life A)Where and how people made their living: People in cities earned a living as traders, craftsmen, or civil servants

Required Essay: Patterns of Life B)Physical Description of farm/town/city Villages consisted of farm houses, a mosque, and a few stores. Houses were made of sun-dried mud, clay bricks, or timber; one or two rooms Towns/Cities were usually surrounded by high walls Narrow, winding streets, with stores on the first level and living quarters on second floor Mosque and the suq (marketplace) were the centers of every town or city

Required Essay: Patterns of Life C) Potential Conflicts Farmers/villagers resented outside authority: feared 1.Higher taxes 2.Social change 3.Sons being taken away by military Nomads and bedouin were resented by farmers/villagers 1.Their livestock often trampled crops and grasslands of farmers 2.Bedouin forced traders to pay them money 3.Rarely paid taxes to local authorities

Optional Essay #1: Reforms of Ottoman Empire Weaknesses of Ottoman Empire: 1.Government corruption 2.Struggles for succession 3.Lost monopoly of trade routes 4.Failed to industrialize

Optional Essay #1: Reforms of Ottoman Empire Young Turks: 1.Abandoned tolerance of other cultures & religions 2.Supported Turkish nationalism: fought with other peoples 3.Led Turkey into World War I Kemal Ataturk 1.Industrialization 2.More rights for women: can vote and hold public office 3.Western laws 4.Replaces Arabic script with Latin alphabet 5.Creates a secular government

Optional Essay # 1: Reforms of Ottoman Empire Policies of Young Turks are disastrous: Turkey loses WWI: Ottoman Empire dissolves Reforms of Kemal Ataturk succeed in making Turkey a modern nation

Optional Essay #2: Policies of Imperial Powers Egypt Egypt borrows lots of money from England and France to pay for Muhammad Ali’s reforms England and France try to control Egyptian economy Egypt bankrupted by construction of Suez Canal Egyptians try to drive out British: British take control in 1882

Optional Essay #2: Policies of Imperial Powers Arab Nationalism Arabs help England drive out the Turks from Arab lands during WWI. After the war, England and France control much of the Middle East through mandates England: controls Transjordan, Iraq, Palestine France: controls Syria, Lebanon

Optional Essay #2: Policies of Imperial Powers Palestine England issues Balfour Declaration, which supports the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine Sets up the partition of Palestine into Israel and Jordan, which causes resentment among Arabs Leads to modern conflict between Arabs and Jews

Optional Essay # 3: Long-Term Effects of Invaders Seljuk Turks Capture Baghdad and control Abbassid Empire Weaken the Byzantine Empire and frighten the Christian rulers of Europe Byzantine Emperor asks Pope for help Prompts Western Europe to start the Crusades

Optional Essay # 3: Long-Term Effects of Invaders Crusaders Crusader Kingdoms do not last long in the Middle East, BUT bring Europe into closer contact with the Middle East Leads to cultural diffusion and renewal of trade with India and China

Optional Essay # 3: Long-Term Effects of Invaders Mongols Cause tremendous destruction Destroy Baghdad: burn thousands of town and villages; slaughter hundreds of thousands of people Mongol control of trade routes leads to more trade between Europe & the Middle East with China and India